Application of Newcastle disease virus in the treatment of colorectal cancer

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main reasons of tumor-related deaths worldwide. At present, the main treatment is surgery, but the results are unsatisfactory, and the prognosis is poor. The majority of patients die due to liver or lung metastasis or recurrence. In recent years, great progress has been made in the field of tumor gene therapy, providing a new treatment for combating CRC. As oncolytic viruses selectively replicate almost exclusively in the cytoplasm of tumor cells and do not require integration into the host genome, they are safer, more effective and more attractive as oncolytic agents. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a natural RNA oncolytic virus. After NDV selectively infects tumor cells, the immune response induced by NDV’s envelope protein and intracellular factors can effectively kill the tumor without affecting normal cells. Reverse genetic techniques make NDV a vector for gene therapy. Arming the virus by inserting various exogenous genes or using NDV in combination with immunotherapy can also improve the anti-CRC capacity of NDV, and good results have been achieved in animal models and clinical treatment trials. This article reviews the molecular biological characteristics and oncolytic mechanism of NDV and discusses in vitro and in vivo experiments on NDV anti-CRC capacity and clinical treatment. In conclusion, NDV is an excellent candidate for cancer treatment, but more preclinical studies and clinical trials are needed to ensure its safety and efficacy.

New Insights into Mechanisms of Long-term Protective Anti-tumor Immunity Induced by Cancer Vaccines Modified by Virus Infection

“…The vaccine was prepared from the cells of the operated liver metastases. The curves of % metastasis-free survival demonstrate that immunotherapy has a significant tertiary prevention effect [32][33][34]. Figure 1C shows recent results that were obtained from patients suffering from glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).…”

Personalized Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancers: Where Do We Stand?

“…Strategies such as using oncolytic viruses in vivo and in vitro or tumor cells infected with oncolytic viruses release PAMPs, which increases immune responses ( 217 , 218 ). The results of phase I and II trials showed that the use of Newcastle virus-infected tumor cells reduced recurrence and increased OS in CRC patients ( 44 , 219 ). However, the high levels of self-antigens present in tumor lysates cause the lack of specificity of immune responses and increase the possibility of promoting autoimmune responses, limiting the use of this method in susceptible individuals ( 220 , 221 ).…”

Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer: Mechanisms and Predictive Biomarkers

“…The NDV envelope protein and other intracellular factors induce an immune response to elicit a potent anti-tumor effect in a variety of cancers including CRC. Genetic modification of NDV could enhance this tumor lysis activity or could allow NDV to act as a vector for delivery of therapeutic genes [101].…”