Application of Nanomaterials in the Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Abstract

Due to differences in geographic surveillance systems, chemical sanitization practices, and antibiotic stewardship (AS) implementation employed during the COVID-19 pandemic, many experts have expressed concerns regarding a future surge in global antimicrobial resistance (AMR). A potential beneficiary of these differences is the Gram-positive bacteria MRSA. MRSA is a bacterial pathogen with a high potential for mutational resistance, allowing it to engage various AMR mechanisms circumventing conventional antibiotic therapies and the host’s immune response. Coupled with a lack of novel FDA-approved antibiotics reaching the clinic, the onus is on researchers to develop alternative treatment tools to mitigate against an increase in pathogenic resistance. Mitigation strategies can take the form of synthetic or biomimetic nanomaterials/vesicles employed in vaccines, rapid diagnostics, antibiotic delivery, and nanotherapeutics. This review seeks to discuss the current potential of the aforementioned nanomaterials in detecting and treating MRSA.

Staphylococcus aureus biofilm: Formulation, regulatory, and emerging natural products-derived therapeutics

“…Despite the improvement of transition metal ion dopants on the catalytic and photocatalytic oxidation activity of pure CeO 2 NPs, it unexpectedly reduced the antibiofilm activity. Therefore, the oxidative stress and cellular toxicity resulting from the Ce 3+ release and ROS generation were proposed as the antibiofilm mechanisms of CeO 2 nanoparticles [ 146 ], similar to the current antibacterial mechanisms of metallic NPs, such as metal ion release and oxidative stress [ 148 ].…”

Staphylococcus Infection: Relapsing Atopic Dermatitis and Microbial Restoration

“…A timeline documenting the progression of AD and associated triggers regarding patient X can be found in Table 2. However, the misuse of biocides can lead to a surge in MRSA cases (cross-resistance), as reported during the COVID-19 pandemic [83]; thus, alternatives treatments need to be developed to limit the emergence of multi-drug resistant microbes (fungi, bacteria, and viruses) [84]. A recent review by Bieber et al documents a number of approved inhibitor therapies (IL-4Rα "dupilumab", anti-IL-13 "tralokinumab", and JAK1/2) and those currently in clinical trials [85], which might have been a better option (dupilumab) for patient X.…”

Intracellular Habitation of Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Mechanisms and Prospects for Antimicrobial Therapy

“…However, many of these studies have only been performed in vitro, so there is not much indication of their success in a clinical context. There are some recent reviews that give an overview of new compounds that have been developed over the last years [ 110 , 111 , 112 ]. In this section of the review, we summarize the most promising novel antibiotic strategies that specifically target the intracellular MRSA reservoir, which have shown in vivo effectivity or are currently being tested in clinical trials.…”