“…Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are considered to be promising energy storage systems with great development prospects owing to their high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mA h g –1 ) and theoretical energy density (2600 W h kg –1 ). In addition, compared with traditional lithium-ion batteries, abundant reserves in nature and the environmental friendliness of sulfur attract the widespread attention of researchers. − Despite these advantages, the poor electronic and ionic conductivity of sulfur, the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), and the slow redox kinetics (leading to rapid capacity decay, low Coulombic efficiency, and inefficient use of sulfur) are still serious challenges for the practical application of Li–S batteries. , …”