Application of molecularly imprinted polymer designed for the selective extraction of ketoprofen from wastewater

Abstract

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) that is selective to ketoprofen was synthesized and applied in the adsorption of the target compound from water. The MIP was synthesized using a bulk polymerization method at high temperatures (60–80°C), where ketoprofen, 2-vinylpyridine, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, toluene and 1,1´-azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile) were used as template, functional monomer, cross-linker, porogen and initiator, respectively. Non-imprinted polymer (NIP) was synthesized similarly to the MIP but in the absence of ketoprofen. From molecular dynamics simulation, the nature of interactions that occurred between the template and the functional monomer were found to be based on hydrogen bonding. This was confirmed experimentally, where a high extraction efficiency of ≥ 90% was obtained at acidic conditions (pH 5) due to the protonation of ketoprofen. A contact time of 45 min was sufficient for the maximum adsorption of ketoprofen from 10 mL spiked water using 8 mg of the adsorbent. MIP showed greater selectivity than NIP by achieving a relative selectivity coefficient of 7.7 towards ketoprofen in the presence of structurally related pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, the order of sorption onto the MIPs from water was ketoprofen > fenoprofen > gemfibrozil. From a modelling perspective, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model gave the best fit, with maximum adsorption capacity of 8.24 mg·g−1 and sorption rate constant of 0.25 mg·g−1·min−1 for MIP. This was translated to chemisorption of ketoprofen onto the homogeneous MIP binding sites. This work demonstrated the great potential of MIP in selective recognition of ketoprofen from wastewater relative to closely related compounds.

Chitosan Film as Eco-Friendly and Recyclable Bio-Adsorbent to Remove/Recover Diclofenac, Ketoprofen, and Their Mixture from Wastewater

“…Therefore, always considering a more sustainable procedure for a cleaner production-pollution prevention, the use of 0.25 M NaCl was suggested for the DCF removal using 30 min as contact time for desorption. In this sense, the sea water could be used for this purpose, considering, as reported by Takagi et al [26], that the salt concentration in sea water was around 0.5 M. On this ground, several cycles of adsorption/desorption were performed and the percentage of the adsorbed/desorbed DCF, for each cycle, is reported in Figure 7. Once again, the desorbed DCF percentage is normalized with respect to the correspondent adsorbed DCF.…”

“…Kp is also frequently found in surface waters, which constitutes a potential risk for aquatic ecosystems [21,22,23,24]. Besides the studies reported in literature about its removal [25,26,27,28,29,30], the proposed use of CH to treat water from the Kp, according to our knowledge, has been not yet investigated. Therefore, regarding this aspect, to better emphasize the capacity of CH, preliminary results are discussed in this paper, which opens a novel possibility to treat water polluted with emerging pollutants.…”

Molecularly imprinted polymers—A closer look at the control polymer used in determining the imprinting effect: A mini review

“…33 Relative selectivity indicates the magnitude of selectivity of the MIP in relation to the NIP, where values greater than one imply that the MIP is more selective to the analyte. 34 α = Q Analyte Q Analogue ð5Þ α = IF Analyte IF Analogue ð6Þ…”

Chitosan Biopolymer from Crab Shell as Recyclable Film to Remove/Recover in Batch Ketoprofen from Water: Understanding the Factors Affecting the Adsorption Process

“…Nagy et al [25] reported the use of cyclodextrin-based polymers, working in synergy with filters, to exploit the possibility of working under dynamic conditions [25]. Madikizela et al [26] showed the efficiency of molecularly imprinted polymers, designed for the selective extraction of ketoprofen from wastewater [26].…”