Application of modified Sholl analysis to neuronal dendritic arborization of the cat spinal cord

Ristanović, Dušan; Milošević, Nebojša T.; Štulić, Vesna

doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.05.030

Cited by 74 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Sholl analysis was performed on the reconstructed images using a preformed template in Image J with a radius step size of 10 μm. The area under the Sholl curve can be used as a measure of dendritic complexity, and changes in this value are indicative of morphological alterations (Ristanovic et al, 2006). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabidiol exerts antiepileptic effects by restoring hippocampal interneuron functions in a temporal lobe epilepsy model

Khan

Shekh‐Ahmad²,

Khalil³

et al. 2018

British J Pharmacology

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Background and PurposeA non‐psychoactive phytocannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), shows promising results as an effective potential antiepileptic drug in some forms of refractory epilepsy. To elucidate the mechanisms by which CBD exerts its anti‐seizure effects, we investigated its effects at synaptic connections and on the intrinsic membrane properties of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and two major inhibitory interneurons: fast spiking, parvalbumin (PV)‐expressing and adapting, cholecystokinin (CCK)‐expressing interneurons. We also investigated whether in vivo treatment with CBD altered the fate of CCK and PV interneurons using immunohistochemistry.Experimental ApproachElectrophysiological intracellular whole‐cell recordings combined with neuroanatomy were performed in acute brain slices of rat temporal lobe epilepsy in in vivo (induced by kainic acid) and in vitro (induced by Mg2+‐free solution) epileptic seizure models. For immunohistochemistry experiments, CBD was administered in vivo (100 mg·kg−1) at zero time and 90 min post status epilepticus, induced with kainic acid.Key ResultsBath application of CBD (10 μM) dampened excitability at unitary synapses between pyramidal cells but enhanced inhibitory synaptic potentials elicited by fast spiking and adapting interneurons at postsynaptic pyramidal cells. Furthermore, CBD restored impaired membrane excitability of PV, CCK and pyramidal cells in a cell type‐specific manner. These neuroprotective effects of CBD were corroborated by immunohistochemistry experiments that revealed a significant reduction in atrophy and death of PV‐ and CCK‐expressing interneurons after CBD treatment.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur data suggest that CBD restores excitability and morphological impairments in epileptic models to pre‐epilepsy control levels through multiple mechanisms to reinstate normal network function.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabidiol exerts antiepileptic effects by restoring hippocampal interneuron functions in a temporal lobe epilepsy model

Khan

Shekh‐Ahmad²,

Khalil³

et al. 2018

British J Pharmacology

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“…8H-J). Changes in dendritic branching were quantitated by Sholl analysis (Ristanovic et al, 2006), revealing a significant reduction in both the total length and average number of dendrites in Neurog2 null PCs (Fig. 8G), whereas Neurog2-overexpressing PCs exhibited a sharp increase in both the length and number of dendritic processes (Fig.…”

Section: Neurog2 Regulates Pc Dendritogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurogenin 2 regulates progenitor cell-cycle progression and Purkinje cell dendritogenesis in cerebellar development

et al. 2012

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SUMMARYBy serving as the sole output of the cerebellar cortex, integrating a myriad of afferent stimuli, Purkinje cells (PCs) constitute the principal neuron in cerebellar circuits. Several neurodegenerative cerebellar ataxias feature a selective cell-autonomous loss of PCs, warranting the development of regenerative strategies. To date, very little is known as to the regulatory cascades controlling PC development. During central nervous system development, the proneural gene neurogenin 2 (Neurog2) contributes to many distinct neuronal types by specifying their fate and/or dictating development of their morphological features. By analyzing a mouse knock-in line expressing Cre recombinase under the control of Neurog2 cis-acting sequences we show that, in the cerebellar primordium, Neurog2 is expressed by cycling progenitors cell-autonomously fated to become PCs, even when transplanted heterochronically. During cerebellar development, Neurog2 is expressed in G1 phase by progenitors poised to exit the cell cycle. We demonstrate that, in the absence of Neurog2, both cell-cycle progression and neuronal output are significantly affected, leading to an overall reduction of the mature cerebellar volume. Although PC fate identity is correctly specified, the maturation of their dendritic arbor is severely affected in the absence of Neurog2, as null PCs develop stunted and poorly branched dendrites, a defect evident from the early stages of dendritogenesis. Thus, Neurog2 represents a key regulator of PC development and maturation.

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“…Spheres were centered at the base of the calyx, defined as the first branch point of the axon leading into the calyx. The maximum number of intersections and the radius at which this number occurred were determined (Ristanovic et al, 2006). Furthermore, the shape of the intersection number vs. radius plot was compared across calyces to determine the distance over which they maintained their complexity, quantified by measuring the half-width.…”

Section: Calyx Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous Ca2+ influx along the adult calyx of held: A structural and computational study

et al. 2008

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The calyx of Held is a morphologically complex nerve terminal containing hundreds to thousands of active zones. The calyx must support high rates of transient, sound-evoked vesicular release superimposed on a background of sustained release, due to the high spontaneous rates of some afferent fibers. One means of distributing vesicle release in space and time is to have heterogeneous release probabilities (P r ) at distinct active zones, which has been observed at several CNS synapses including the calyx of Held. P r may be modulated by vesicle proximity to Ca 2+ channels, by Ca 2+ buffers, by changes in phosphorylation state of proteins involved in the release process, or by local variations in Ca 2+ influx. In this study, we explore the idea that the complex geometry of the calyx also contributes to heterogeneous P r by impeding equal propagation of action potentials through all calyx compartments. Given the difficulty of probing ion channel distribution and recording from adult calyces, we undertook a structural and modeling approach based on computerized reconstructions of calyces labeled in adult cats. We were thus able to manipulate placement of conductances and test their effects on Ca 2+ concentration in all regions of the calyx following an evoked action potential in the calyceal axon. Our results indicate that with a non-uniform distribution of Na + and K + channels, action potentials do not propagate uniformly into the calyx, Ca 2+ influx varies across different release sites, and latency for these events varies among calyx compartments. We suggest that the electrotonic structure of the calyx of Held, which our modeling efforts indicate is very sensitive to the axial resistivity of cytoplasm, may contribute to variations in release probability within the calyx. KeywordsSynaptic transmission; release probability; computational neuroscience; auditory brainstem; electrotonic and active action potential propagation; axial resistanceThe calyx of Held, perhaps the largest nerve terminal in the CNS, occupies a pivotal position in binaural circuits that process interaural temporal delay and intensity cues for sound localization (Held, 1893;Stotler, 1953;Harrison and Warr, 1962;Warr, 1966Warr, , 1972Goldberg and Brown, 1969;Guinan et al., 1972;Elverland, 1977). Sound-evoked activity in globular bushy cells, which give rise to the calyx, can exceed 500 spikes/sec and is characterized by high temporal precision that tracks the acoustic fine structure of low frequency sound and Corresponding Author: Paul B. Manis, Ph.D., Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, 1123 Bioinformatics Res. Bldg. CB#7070, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7070, e-mail: pmanis@med.unc.edu, tel: (919) 966-8926. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptNeuroscience. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 January 26. Published in final edited form as:Neuroscience. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript amplitude modulation of high frequency sound (Pfe...

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Application of modified Sholl analysis to neuronal dendritic arborization of the cat spinal cord

Cited by 74 publications

References 25 publications

Cannabidiol exerts antiepileptic effects by restoring hippocampal interneuron functions in a temporal lobe epilepsy model

Cannabidiol exerts antiepileptic effects by restoring hippocampal interneuron functions in a temporal lobe epilepsy model

Neurogenin 2 regulates progenitor cell-cycle progression and Purkinje cell dendritogenesis in cerebellar development

Heterogeneous Ca2+ influx along the adult calyx of held: A structural and computational study

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