Application of mechanochemistry to metal recovery from second-hand resources: a technical overview

Abstract

In the context of huge imbalance between increasing demand for metals and the finiteness of metal resources in nature, recycling metal from second-hand resources, especially e-waste, is of great importance, to embrace the sustainability challenge. Inspired by its hundreds of uses in extractive metallurgy, mechanochemistry has been introduced to recover metals from waste since the 1990s. The mechanochemical recycling process is technically feasible to recover metals from waste in a high yield, such as Pb recovery from cathode ray tube (CRT) funnel glass, Li and Co recovery from lithium-ion batteries, rare earth recovery from fluorescent lamps. In recovery from LCD screens, Cu recovery from waste printed circuit boards and Au, Mo and Ni recovery from waste. Particle size reduction, specific surface area increase, crystalline structure decomposition and bond breakage have been identified as the main changes induced by the mechanochemical processes in the studies. Also, the activation energy required decreases and reaction activity increases, subsequently. This paper presents a technical overview of the applications of mechanochemistry to metal recycling from waste. The current application pattern, reaction mechanisms, equipment used, method procedures, and the future research direction are discussed in detail. This work presents the limitation of current mechanochemical application in metal recovery and gives a perspective of the future development of mechanochemistry as well.

Efficient Synthesis of Alkali Borohydrides from Mechanochemical Reduction of Borates Using Magnesium–Aluminum-Based Waste

“…Similarly, Bilen et al [37] achieved 90% LiBH 4 purity from the reaction of LiBO 2 with MgH 2 by ball milling. In addition, ball milling is known to be an extremely powerful and versatile technique for the treatment of waste materials [45][46][47][48][49]. These works clearly show that ball milling is a suitable method to produce LiBH 4 and NaBH 4 from mixtures of LiBO 2 or NaBO 2 and MgH 2 , respectively.…”

Concentration of Rare Earth Elements (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Nd, Sm) in Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Obtained by Water and Alkali Leaching of Bauxite Sintering Dust

“…The increased interest in scandium is associated with its application in various industries [5][6][7]. Small amounts of scandium are found in ores of aluminum, cobalt, iron, molybdenum, nickel, phosphate, titanium, tungsten, uranium, and others [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

Mechanochemical Synthesis of Slow-release Fertilizers: A Review

“…Applied extractive metallurgy was reviewed by Baláž and Dutková [22,23]. Recent reviews on the application of mechanochemistry for metal recovery from secondary resources have been written by Ou et al [24] and by Tan and Li [25].…”