“…In nuclear engineering, the ML algorithm is employed in NPP to model the surveillance test data (Lee et al, 2021), crack fault diagnosis (Zhong and Ban, 2022), probabilistic safety assessment for fire hazard model (Worrell et al, 2019), seismic fragile analysis , and equivalence assessment between the simulation and operation data (Li X. et al, 2021). Yet, the ML shows limitations as reported in a review article in Ref (Xu et al, 2024). Figure 7 presents the workflow of ML that comprises different steps from loading the data to integration of the best-trained model into a production system.…”