Application of Low-Cost Sensors for Building Monitoring: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

In recent years, many scholars have dedicated their research to the development of low-cost sensors for monitoring of various parameters. Despite their high number of applications, the state of the art related to low-cost sensors in building monitoring has not been addressed. To fill this gap, this article presents a systematic review, following well-established methodology, to analyze the state of the art in two aspects of structural and indoor parameters of buildings, in the SCOPUS database. This analysis allows to illustrate the potential uses of low-cost sensors in the building sector and addresses the scholars the preferred communication protocols and the most common microcontrollers for installation of low-cost monitoring systems. In addition, special attention is paid to describe different areas of the two mentioned fields of building monitoring and the most crucial parameters to be monitored in buildings. Finally, the deficiencies in line with limited number of studies carried out in various fields of building monitoring are overviewed and a series of parameters that ought to be studied in the future are proposed.

Measuring Indoor Occupancy through Environmental Sensors: A Systematic Review on Sensor Deployment

“…Other reviews address the modeling techniques and evaluation for occupancy inference [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Furthermore, some authors have carried out an extensive review incorporating the type of sensors, prediction models, and potential uses of low-cost sensors in buildings [ 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Nevertheless, none of them address the installation aspects and the number of sensors needed to place in a specific enclosed space.…”

A Practical Approach to Launch the Low-Cost Monitoring Platforms for Nearly Net-Zero Energy Buildings in Vietnam

“…So, enhancing local self-consumption solutions of rooftop PV generation sources is preferred for energy efficiency and continuing the next rooftop solar generation projects in Vietnam. Nowadays, on-site renewable energy resources are integrated into the building energy supply at a low cost [7,8]. The authors of [9] pointed out the benefits of energy storage in office buildings to absorb solar electricity on-site in northeast Vietnam.…”

“…Monitoring solutions have evolved from industrial automated systems to the advent of IT players, standards and associated technologies, and their tendency towards open hardware/open source [22]. Embedded technology, wireless infrastructure, and open source are popular in monitoring systems [7]. The open hardware of Arduino, Raspberry pi, and the wireless modules such as Wi-Fi, RF24, and Z-Wave are easy installation, while open sources such as OpenHab, Grafana, and InfluxdB are for data centers and visualization development.…”

“…The measurement data indicated in [7] could effectively assist users in decision-making regarding the use and maintenance of electrical equipment in the building. The planned maintenance and replacement are not close to reality, and work interruption may The virtual temperature sensor model developed by a machine learning technique could work in parallel with a physical sensor to detect outlier data and maintain control in case of physical sensor failure, for example, the linear regression model of the temperature sensor on the western wall (TiM1) based on the sensor data (TiZ1, TiZ2, TiZ3, TiM2), HVAC setpoint temperature, and outdoor temperature.…”

“…The measurement data indicated in [7] could effectively assist users in decision-making regarding the use and maintenance of electrical equipment in the building. The planned maintenance and replacement are not close to reality, and work interruption may Maintenance issues: Electrical equipment and monitoring system should be considered for operating buildings continuously and reliably.…”