Application of Liquid Chromatography/Electrochemistry in Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Analysis: A Critical Review

Radzik, Donna M.; Lunte, Susan M.

doi:10.1080/10408348908050070

Cited by 24 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…A four-electron reduction to give the corresponding hydroxylamine was frequently observed for mononitro-PAHs in solution [14±16]. The same 4-electron process was observed in liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in weakly acidic and neutral media [2,17]. Reduction of the nitro-PAHs at lower concentration was shown to undergo a six-electron process at more negative potentials in strongly acidic solutions [14±16].…”

Section: Preconcentration and Voltammetric Behavior Of Nitropyrenementioning

confidence: 88%

Preconcentration and Electrochemical Determination of Nitropyrene at Electrochemically Activated Glassy Carbon Electrodes

2000

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons substituted with one or more nitro-groups (nitro-PAHs) have been proven to be carcinogenic. This work provides the ®rst report on the electroanalysis of nitro-PAHs using chemically modi®ed electrodes. A representative nitro-PAH species, namely nitropyrene was readily extracted onto electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrodes (pGCE) from methanol solution. The nitropyrene species adsorbed on pGCE were reduced electrochemically to aminopyrene in a 6-electron process in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 . Both nitropyrene and aminopyrene were found to adsorb strongly on pGCE. Experimental results showed that the peak current resulting from nitropyrene reduction was proportional to the concentration in their methanol solution for a wide dynamic range from 5 to 1500 ng/mL with a large slope of 0.0864 A L g 71 and a correlation coef®cient of 0.999. The preconcentration and determination conditions, as well as possible interference from other PAH species, were investigated. Possible application in the determination of nitropyrene in air particulate was evaluated.

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Section: Preconcentration and Voltammetric Behavior Of Nitropyrenementioning

confidence: 88%

Preconcentration and Electrochemical Determination of Nitropyrene at Electrochemically Activated Glassy Carbon Electrodes

2000

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“…The generation of free phenolic metabolites makes electrochemical detection a sensitive, specific, and ideal method for quantitation in bioanalytical toxicology studies (Radzik and Lunte, 1989).…”

Section: Sulfatase and Sulfotransferase (Sulfoconjugating) Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue-Specific Metabolism of Benzene in Zymbal Gland and Other Solid Tumor Target Tissues in Rats

Low

Lambert

Meeks

et al. 1995

Journal of the American College of Toxicology

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In vitro studies were carried out to investigate whether target organ susceptibility to benzene-induced solid tumor formation is governed by tissuespecific differences in metabolism. The ability of several target and nontarget tissues to deconjugate and conjugate polar metabolites, to metabolize benzene to phenolic metabolites, to carry out peroxidative biotransformations, and to trap tissue glutathione was evaluated. The Zymbal gland, the organ most sensitive to benzene-induced tumorigenicity, showed extensive phenyl-and arylsulfatase activity but no phenol sulfoconjugating activity. Similarly, oral cavity tissue, mammary gland, and bone marrow showed sulfatase activity but lacked sulfotransferase activity. Sulfatase-mediated hydrolysis such as that observed in the Zymbal gland may represent an important pathway by which polar metabolites are shunted from urinary or biliary excretion as their sulfates to delivery to target tissues as phenolic or potentially reactive metabolite(s). Zymbal gland, nasal and oral cavity, and mammary gland tissue homogenates (10,000 g supernatant) all possess oxidative capability to metabolize benzene to phenol, hydroquinone, and catechol. Nasal cavity homogenates produced twoto eightfold higher levels of phenol, hydroquinone, and catechol from benzene than did liver homogenates. Zymbal gland, bone marrow, and oral cavity homogenates, when incubated with hydroquinone and glutathione, produced high levels of 2-(S-glutathionyl)hydroquinone, indirectly indicating the production of 1 ,Cbenzoquinone, a reactive intermediate implicated in benzene toxicity.Peroxidases have been proposed to mediate the oxidation ofp-hydroquinone to 1 ,Cbenzoquinone. The Zymbal gland, nasal and oral cavities, mammary gland, and bone marrow all were found to possess greater peroxidase activity than contrasting nontarget tissues did. The metabolic capabilities of target tissues, including the ability to hydrolyze sulfate conjugates to free phenolic compounds, to oxidize benzene to phenolic metabolites, to bioactivate hydroquinone to a reactive intermediate, and to carry out peroxidative reactions may offer possible explanations for the greater susceptibility of these sites to ben-

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“…Some recent and informative reviews include those by Radzik and Lunte (1989), Horvai and Pungor (1989), Kissinger (1989), Selavka and Krull (1987), and Johnson et al (1986). A book edited by Parvez et al (1987) covers mostly medical applications of electrochemical detection.…”

Section: Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Detection

Rocklin¹

1993

A Practical Guide to HPLC Detection

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Application of Liquid Chromatography/Electrochemistry in Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Analysis: A Critical Review

Cited by 24 publications

References 147 publications

Preconcentration and Electrochemical Determination of Nitropyrene at Electrochemically Activated Glassy Carbon Electrodes

Preconcentration and Electrochemical Determination of Nitropyrene at Electrochemically Activated Glassy Carbon Electrodes

Tissue-Specific Metabolism of Benzene in Zymbal Gland and Other Solid Tumor Target Tissues in Rats

Electrochemical Detection

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