Application of lipid nanovesicle drug delivery system in cancer immunotherapy

Abstract

Immunotherapy has gradually emerged as the most promising anticancer therapy. In addition to conventional anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, anti-CTLA-4 therapy, CAR-T therapy, etc., immunotherapy can also be induced by stimulating the maturation of immune cells or inhibiting negative immune cells, regulating the tumor immune microenvironment and cancer vaccines. Lipid nanovesicle drug delivery system includes liposomes, cell membrane vesicles, bacterial outer membrane vesicles, extracellular vesicles and hybrid vesicles. Lipid nanovesicles can be used as functional vesicles for cancer immunotherapy, and can also be used as drug carriers to deliver immunotherapy drugs to the tumor site for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review recent advances in five kinds of lipid nanovesicles in cancer immunotherapy and assess the clinical application prospects of various lipid nanovesicles, hoping to provide valuable information for clinical translation in the future.

Multifunctional Drug-Loaded Phase-Change Nanoparticles Inhibit the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Affecting the Activity of Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells

“…Liposome, a kind of nanoparticles (NPs) with the size of 5-500 nm, are formed by self-assembly of amphiphilic lipid molecular layers with high biosafety and long blood circulation time [ 16 ]. It is a commonly used drug carrier in cancer treatment research [ 17 , 18 ].…”

Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy: The Rotterdam Experience

“…Exploring the role of factors such as immune checkpoints and immunosuppressive cytokines, as well as the downregulation of immune stimulatory biomolecules, along with the emergence of chronic inflammation that results in immune dysfunction and interferences with the intrinsic activity of the host immune cells, provides opportunities to help the immune system to attack malignant cells [ 162 , 163 ]. Nanocarriers, especially liposomes, have been exploited in immunotherapy, either as carriers or adjuvants in cancer vaccines [ 164 ], or for selective delivery of immunomodultory agents [ 165 , 166 , 167 ]. In fact, liposomes might be able to overcome several major drawbacks faced by cancer immunotherapies through development of a potential platform for delivery of stimulatory ligands (immunostimulatory adjuvants, immunogenes, immunostimulatory molecules), for modulating immune responses, immune checkpoint blockade molecules (CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1), small molecules (indoleamine 2,3-ioxygenase, TGF-β, adenosine, and IL-10) to target the modulation of the tumor microenvironment, and combinational therapy.…”

“…In fact, liposomes might be able to overcome several major drawbacks faced by cancer immunotherapies through development of a potential platform for delivery of stimulatory ligands (immunostimulatory adjuvants, immunogenes, immunostimulatory molecules), for modulating immune responses, immune checkpoint blockade molecules (CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1), small molecules (indoleamine 2,3-ioxygenase, TGF-β, adenosine, and IL-10) to target the modulation of the tumor microenvironment, and combinational therapy. Therefore, different liposomal-based platforms have been explicitly developed for cancer immunotherapy [ 165 , 166 , 167 ].…”

Molecular Docking and Intracellular Translocation of Extracellular Vesicles for Efficient Drug Delivery

“…For many years, exosomes have been thought to only function as molecular carriers that carry waste from cells; however, it has become clear that EVs affect various biological processes and diseases, including immune responses and cancer [ 215 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 , 227 , 228 , 229 , 230 , 231 , 232 ]. Nonetheless, it is difficult to identify these exosomes.…”