Application of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for Antitubercular Drug Delivery: A Review

Abstract

The antimicrobial drugs currently used for the management of tuberculosis (TB) exhibit poor bioavailability that necessitates prolonged treatment regimens and high dosing frequency to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes. In addition, these agents cause severe adverse effects, as well as having detrimental interactions with other drugs used in the treatment of comorbid conditions such as HIV/AIDS. The challenges associated with the current TB regimens contribute to low levels of patient adherence and, consequently, the development of multidrug-resistant TB strains. This has led to the urgent need to develop newer drug delivery systems to improve the treatment of TB. Targeted drug delivery systems provide higher drug concentrations at the infection site, thus leading to reduced incidences of adverse effects. Lipid-based nanocarriers have proven to be effective in improving the solubility and bioavailability of antimicrobials whilst decreasing the incidence of adverse effects through targeted delivery. The potential application of lipid-based carriers such as liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nano and microemulsions, and self-emulsifying drug delivery systems for the treatment of TB is reviewed herein. The composition of the investigated lipid-based carriers, their characteristics, and their influence on bioavailability, toxicity, and sustained drug delivery are also discussed. Overall, lipid-based systems have shown great promise in anti-TB drug delivery applications. The summary of the reviewed data encourages future efforts to boost the translational development of lipid-based nanocarriers to improve TB therapy.

Nanoparticular and other carriers to deliver lactoferrin for antimicrobial, antibiofilm and bone-regenerating effects: a review

“…The main issue is poor stability compared to other drug carriers (Roohinejad et al 2018 ; Thorn et al 2021 ). Traditional liposomes greater than 100 nm are rapidly cleared from blood circulation by circulating macrophages or dendritic cells as part of the reticuloendothelial system (Buya et al 2021 ; Anali Bazán Henostroza et al 2022 ). Hydrophilic polymers such as polyethylene glycol, pectin or chitosan can protectively coat the surface of liposomes, increasing their residence time in the blood circulation (Anabousi et al 2006 ; Icriverzi et al 2019 ; Buya et al 2021 ).…”

“…Traditional liposomes greater than 100 nm are rapidly cleared from blood circulation by circulating macrophages or dendritic cells as part of the reticuloendothelial system (Buya et al 2021 ; Anali Bazán Henostroza et al 2022 ). Hydrophilic polymers such as polyethylene glycol, pectin or chitosan can protectively coat the surface of liposomes, increasing their residence time in the blood circulation (Anabousi et al 2006 ; Icriverzi et al 2019 ; Buya et al 2021 ). It has also been shown that liposomes prepared from milk derived phospholipids or rapeseed oil can slow the digestion of LF in simulated gastric and intestinal conditions (Liu et al 2013 ; Vergara et al 2020 ).…”

“…SLNs are made of a core of biodegradable lipids that are solid at room and body temperature (Buya et al 2021 ) surrounded by a layer of surfactant. The term “lipids” is used broadly here, and includes long chain triglycerides, partial triglycerides, fatty acids, phospholipids, waxes, cetyl palmitate and alkanoic acids (Pignatello et al 2018 ; Buya et al 2021 ). These are highly biocompatible.…”

“…The surfactants used may have a concentration ranging between 1 and 5% (w/v) and can include polysorbate 80, poloxamer 188 and/or lecithin (Buya et al 2021 ). Bioactive compounds, both hydrophilic and lipophilic (Moutinho et al 2012 ), are encapsulated into the solid lipid matrix and released in a controlled manner (Buya et al 2021 ). SLNs are generally spherical, with particle sizes of 10–1000 nm (Buya et al 2021 ) (Fig.…”

Microemulsion Delivery System Improves Cellular Uptake of Genipin and Its Protective Effect against Aβ1-42-Induced PC12 Cell Cytotoxicity

“…Lipid-based emulsion systems, including microemulsion, nanoemulsion, niosomes, SMEDDS (self microemulsifying drug delivery systems), and SNEDDS (self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems), have been proven to promote solubility and bioavailability, highlighting the potential value of this type of delivery approach for water-insoluble bioactive molecules [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Furthermore, encapsulating drugs in emulsion can also protect it from degeneration, control the release, and minimize the side effects [ 14 , 21 ].…”