“…Digital color imaging, X‐ray imaging, near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, NIR hyperspectral imaging (HSI) are the main techniques for nondestructive detection of microbial contamination in food products (Liu et al., 2018; Tripathi & Mishra, 2009). Although there are several reviews on the application of optical imaging and spectroscopic techniques on quality and safety evaluation of food products (Dale et al., 2013; Kaavya et al., 2020; Liu, Pu & Sun, 2017; Ma, Sun, Pu, Cheng & Wei, 2019; Sendin, Williams & Manley, 2018; Singh & Jayas, 2011; Su, He & Sun, 2017; Wu & Sun, 2013b), there are limited reviews on mold and mycotoxin detection in cereal grains and nuts. Orina, Manley, and Williams (2017a) reviewed nondestructive techniques for the detection of fungal infection in cereal grains and Wu, Xie, and Xu (2018) reviewed imaging and spectroscopic techniques for the detection of toxigenic fungi and AFs in nuts and dried fruits.…”