Application of HPLC-DAD Technique for Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Bee Pollen Loads

Abstract

A b s t r a c t A method was elaborated to determine phenolic compounds (vanillin, caffeic, p-coumaric and salicylic acids, and flavonoids: rutin, hesperetin, quercetin, pinocembrin, apigenin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, chrysin, and acacetin) in bee pollen loads using highperformance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Phenolic compounds from bee pollen were isolated on Cleanert C18-SPE columns (500 mg/6 mL, Agela Technologies). Polyphenols were identified by comparing the retention times and spectra of compounds found in pollen load samples with the ones of the standard mixture. Quantitative analysis was conducted using the external standard method. In addition, basic validation parameters for the method were determined. For the identified compounds (except for the salicylic acid), satisfactory (≥0.997) linear correlations were obtained. The elaborated method showed high repeatability and inter-laboratory reproducibility. Variability coeffcients of the majority of phenolic compounds did not exceed 10% in conditions of repeatability and inter-laboratory reproducibility, and for the total polyphenolic content they were 1.7 and 5.1%, respectively. The pollen load samples (n = 15) differed in qualitative and quantitative composition of the phenolic compounds. In all the samples, we identified the p-coumaric and salicylic acids and flavonoids rutin, hesperetin, and apigenin nevertheless, these compounds' contents significantly differed among individual samples. The total phenolic content in the tested samples of pollen loads ranged from 0.653 to 5.966 mg/100 g (on average 2.737 mg/100 g).

Processing Technologies for Bee Products: An Overview of Recent Developments and Perspectives

“…The extraction procedure for the phenolics and flavonoids was primarily via solvent extraction using alcohol (methanol or ethanol) and water mixture (76,(250)(251)(252)(253); cyclohexane, dichloromethane, butanol, and water (254); petroleum ether, n-butanol, ethyl acetate, and water (255); and acidified water (256). As for the phenolic and flavonoid contents in bee products, the Folin-Ciocalteu method (57,254,(257)(258)(259) has been predominantly employed.…”

Assessing monofloral bee pollens from Türkiye: Palynological verification, phenolic profile, and antioxidant activity

“…Furthermore, HBP is a rich source of antioxidants, especially bioactive compounds like flavonoids and polyphenolic substances (Spulber et al, 2018). Although flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds are commonly present in plants, neither humans nor animals can synthesize them (Waś et al, 2017). Flavonoid concentration can be used to establish the quality of commercially sold HBP and to check its nutritional characteristics (Pérez-Pérez et al, 2012).…”

Monofloral Corn Poppy Bee-Collected Pollen—A Detailed Insight into Its Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties

“…The application of bee-collected pollen can significantly improve the functionality of food, benefiting both biological/health and techno-functional properties [3,4]. Among the various bioactive constituents of bee-collected pollen, phenolic compounds play a crucial role, and they have been extensively studied in the last decade [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Apart from phenolics, different polyamines are extremely important plant secondary metabolites with expressed bioactivity.…”