Application of HPLC and ESI-MS techniques in the analysis of phenolic acids and flavonoids from green leafy vegetables (GLVs)

Abstract

Diets containing high proportions of fruits and vegetables reduce the risk of onset of chronic diseases. The role of herbal medicines in improving human health is gaining popularity over the years, which also increases the need for safety and efficiency of these products. Green leafy vegetables (GLVs) are the richest source of phenolic compounds with excellent antioxidant properties. Increased consumption of diets containing phenolic compounds may give positive and better results to human health and significantly improves the immune system. Highly selective, susceptible and versatile analytical techniques are necessary for extraction, identification, and quantification of phenolic compounds from plant extracts, which helps to utilize their important biological properties. Recent advances in the pre-treatment procedures, separation techniques and spectrometry methods are used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds. The online coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC–MS) has become a useful tool in the metabolic profiling of plant samples. In this review, the separation and identification of phenolic acids and flavonoids from GLVs by LC–MS have been discussed along with the general extraction procedures and other sources of mass spectrometer used. The review is devoted to the understanding of the structural configuration, nature and accumulation pattern of phenolic acids and flavonoids in plants and to highlighting the recent developments in the chemical investigation of these compounds by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. It concludes with the advantages of the combination of these two methods and prospects.

Phytochemical Analysis and Total Antioxidant Capacity of Rhizome, Above‐Ground Vegetative Parts and Flower of Three Iris Species

“…Further, phenolics are well-known as potential tool for chemotaxonomic characterization for different plant species [21][22][23][24][25][26] or materials such as pollen [27] and honey. [28] Knowing that xanthone, isoflavone and flavonoid derivatives are almost exclusively present in Iridaceae family plants [29] and antioxidant properties of polyphenols, the aim of this work was to characterize the phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of rhizomes, green parts and flowers of three mentioned Iris species.…”

Analysis of alkaloids (indole alkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids, tropane alkaloids)

“…C-NMR is used to identify the types of carbon are present in the compound, whereas H-NMR is used for searching the hydrogen nature of any compound. 15.5.16 Mass spectrometry (Altemimi et al, 2017;Kumar, 2017;Rammohan et al, 2016) Mass spectrometry (MS) is the most popular and powerful technique for qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of indole, isoquinoline, and tropane derivatives. The application of this technique is structure elucidation as well as identify the physical and chemical characteristics of indole, isoquinoline, and tropane derivatives.…”

NOx-, IL-1β-, TNF-α-, and IL-6-Inhibiting Effects and Trypanocidal Activity of Banana (Musa acuminata) Bracts and Flowers: UPLC-HRESI-MS Detection of Phenylpropanoid Sucrose Esters

“…LCMS analysis of FNBU showed the presence of 22 metabolites, among which quinic acid was detected at 0. [20]. A literature search led to the structure of three isomeric metabolites, among which 3-O-p-coumaroylsucrose was assigned as the structure.…”

“…The [20]. On the basis of the abovementioned information, the structures of these metabolites were assigned as positional isomers of mumeose B, P, or R, previously isolated from the flower buds of Prunus mune [17].…”