Application of green synthesized WO3-poly glutamic acid nanobiocomposite for early stage biosensing of breast cancer using electrochemical approach

Abstract

Biopolymer films have drawn growing demand for their application in the point of care domain owing to their biocompatibility, eco-friendly, and eligibility for in vivo analyses. However, their poor conductivity restricts their sensitivity in diagnostics. For high-quality electrochemical biosensor monitoring, two vital factors to be greatly paid attention are the effective merge of amplification modifiers with transducing surface and the superior linking across the recognition interface. Here, we introduce an enzyme-free electrochemical biosensor based on electrosynthesized biocompatible WO3/poly glutamic acid nano-biocomposites to address the hardships specific to the analysis of circulating proteins clinical samples. In addition to its green synthesis route, the poor tendency of both components of the prepared nano-biocomposite to amine groups makes it excellent working in untreated biological samples with high contents of proteins. Several electrochemical and morphological investigations (SEM, EDX, and dot mapping) were fulfilled to gain a reliable and trustful standpoint of the framework. By using this nanobiosensor, the concentration of HER-2 was detectable as low as 1 fg mL−1 with a wide linear response between 1 ng mL−1 and 1 fg mL−1. Meanwhile, the protocol depicted ideal specificity, stability, and reproducibility for the detection of HER-2 protein in untreated serum samples of breast cancer patients.

A Comprehensive Review on Electrochemical Nano Biosensors for Precise Detection of Blood-Based Oncomarkers in Breast Cancer

“…Their low conductivity, on the other hand, limits their capacity to deliver a reliable diagnosis. Nasrollahpour et al created an enzyme-free EB based on electro-synthesized biocompatible WO 3 /poly glutamic acid nano-biocomposites to solve specific obstacles in the detection of circulating proteins in clinical samples [ 118 ].…”

Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Immunosensors for the Detection of Ovarian Cancer Biomarkers

“…In most gynecological and other cancer types such as breast, ovarian, endometrial, stomach, lung, gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, bladder, colon, head, neck and salivary gland cancers, it is over-expressed and can be used for prognosis [91,92]. In a normal healthy human, the blood level of HER2 ranges from 2 to 15 mg/mL [31] and increases when there is anaplastic changes and tumor development [93]. Based on this, researchers have developed highly sensitive immunosensing techniques for HER2 quantification.…”

Morphology-Tuned Electrochemical Immunosensing of a Breast Cancer Biomarker Using Hierarchical Palladium Nanostructured Interfaces

“… 14 Further, Nasrollahpour et al highlighted the application of biopolymer films generated through electrochemical deposition of WO 3 /polyglutamic acid on glassy carbon electrode surfaces for reliable detection of HER2. 18 The proposed enzyme-free sensor demonstrated a significant electrochemical response toward HER2 with a detection limit (DL) of 1 fg/mL and a detection range of 1 ng/mL to 1 fg/mL. In another report, transition metal oxides like MoO 3 were anchored onto r-GO (reduced graphene oxide) to ensure a broad range detection of HER2 (1–500 ng/mL).…”

“…The primary emphasis remains to reach clinical standards in real sample matrices. Therefore, novel biosensing assays have continuously evolved through efficient integration of metal nanostructures (Au, Ag, Rh, platinum, and Cu nanoparticles (NPs)/nanoclusters), carbon nanostructures, , metal oxides (MoO 3 , WO 3 , and Fe 3 O 4 ), molecularly imprinted polymers, and quantum dots to serve as immobilization matrices, signal amplifiers, labels, and peroxidase mimic for the detection process. In this regard, Yola et al explored composites of gold NPs with copper-containing metal–organic frameworks (Cu-MOFs) and Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 NPs/Pt/g-C 3 N 4 for fabricating a sandwich-type nanostructured sensing interface for HER2 detection in serum samples from humans .…”

“…In this regard, Yola et al explored composites of gold NPs with copper-containing metal–organic frameworks (Cu-MOFs) and Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 NPs/Pt/g-C 3 N 4 for fabricating a sandwich-type nanostructured sensing interface for HER2 detection in serum samples from humans . Further, Nasrollahpour et al highlighted the application of biopolymer films generated through electrochemical deposition of WO 3 /polyglutamic acid on glassy carbon electrode surfaces for reliable detection of HER2 . The proposed enzyme-free sensor demonstrated a significant electrochemical response toward HER2 with a detection limit (DL) of 1 fg/mL and a detection range of 1 ng/mL to 1 fg/mL.…”