Application of FT-IR Absorption Spectroscopy for <i>in Situ</i> Gas Concentration and Temperature Measurements in Laboratory- and Pilot-Scale Combustion Environments

Martin, Denise M.; Medvecz, Patrick J.; Nichols, Kenneth M.

doi:10.1366/0003702934066046

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…Such an optical measurement can be made in the detector testing chamber, so that the efficacy of Quantitative FT-IR Spectroscopy of TIC Test Gases [4] gas stream preparation and the assumption that the gas stream is chemically stable during delivery to both the test and referee measurement sites need not be relied upon. In addition, a practical routine method is preferred to minimize the need for special instrumentation and for the development of in-house or commercial reference materials and data for the toxic gases that are of interest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This criterion is met in the present referee method, which makes an absorption measurement of the gas using a commercial Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) absorption spectrometer. FT-IR spectroscopy has been utilized previously for quantitative analysis of gasphase components, using a variety of approaches (see, for example, [3][4][5][6][7]). The method that we demonstrate relies upon the use of primary reference spectra from available spectral libraries, thus providing quantitative concentration measurements with defined levels of uncertainty.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Fourier Transform Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy for Quantitative Analysis of Gas Mixtures for Homeland Security Applications

Benkstein

Hurst

Meier

et al. 2016

Journal of Testing and Evaluation

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Chemical detectors are crucial tools for first responders during emergency-response scenarios and for continuous monitoring of public spaces for general safety. For those who depend upon chemical detectors for safety and security, ensuring that detectors alarm at specified levels is critical. During detector performance evaluation, the accurate delivery of known concentrations of the chemical target to the detector is a key aspect of the test. Referee methods enable the analyte test concentration and associated uncertainties in the analyte test concentration to be validated by independent analysis, which is especially important for reactive analytes. This work demonstrates a method to use Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) absorption spectroscopy for quantitatively evaluating the composition of vapor streams containing hazardous materials at Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGL) under test conditions defined in recently published standard specifications for chemical vapor detectors. The described method covers the use of primary reference spectra to establish analyte concentrations, the generation of secondary reference spectra suitable for measuring analyte concentrations under specified testing environments, and the use of referee feedback to compensate for depletion of the test analyte. Important benefits of this approach include verification of the test analyte concentration with characterized uncertainties by in situ measurements co-located with the detector under test, nearreal-time feedback, and broad applicability to toxic industrial chemicals.Quantitative FT-IR Spectroscopy of TIC Test Gases [3]

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fourier Transform Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy for Quantitative Analysis of Gas Mixtures for Homeland Security Applications

Benkstein

Hurst

Meier

et al. 2016

Journal of Testing and Evaluation

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“…IR gas cells can be designed to accommodate the sample stream with minimal sample conditioning for either environmental 1,2 or industrial processes. 3,4 IR specificity allows for single-component analysis with minimal interference from other matrix components or multi-component analysis. 1 Most IR analyzers are used for single analyte applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of a Mid-Infrared Hollow Waveguide Gas Cell for the Analysis of Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide

et al. 2006

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Infrared spectroscopy is commonly applied to the analysis of small gas-phase molecules. One of the limitations of using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy for these applications is the time response of long path length gas cells. Hollow waveguides (HW) that transmit in the mid-infrared spectral range have higher optical efficiencies compared to long path length cells due to smaller cell volumes. This study characterizes a silver coated, 2 mm inner diameter HW for the analysis of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) and compares the performance to a 3 m gas cell and traditional gas analyzers. The HW was found to have a CO response time less than the NDIR analyzer and approximately one-tenth of the response time on the FT-IR system equipped with a 3 m gas cell. The utility of the increased response time was demonstrated by measuring CO concentrations in sidestream cigarette smoke at the same temporal resolution as an NDIR analyzer. A 10 to 60% increase in sensitivity using various frequencies for both CO and NO was observed using the HW compared to the 3 m multipass gas cell. However, cost savings for gas-sensing applications can be achieved on a per analyte basis by using FT-IR spectroscopy, especially in combination with a HW gas-sensing module, which is significantly less expensive than a multipass gas cell.

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“…Multivariate calibrations are more robust to interferences and in dynamic systems because they use more spectral information for quantitation. FT-IR spectroscopy and PLS have been applied to multi-component analysis of combustion gases, [14][15][16][17] process streams, 18 and environmental pollutants. [19][20][21] Hart et al 19,20 studied the effect of spectral resolution and regression techniques on the performance of open-path FT-IR for monitoring environmental pollutants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Fourier Transform-Infrared Analysis of Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide in Sidestream Cigarette Smoke

Thompson

Mizaikoff

2006

Appl Spectrosc

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Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was compared directly to independent standard analytical techniques for the routine measurement of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) yields from cigarette sidestream smoke. The FT-IR instrument was configured in-line with a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer for CO analysis and a chemiluminescence (CL) analyzer for NO analysis to monitor the sidestream smoke from a single port of a linear smoking machine. A cold trap was inserted prior to the FT-IR to minimize the levels of vapor phase interferents, such as water. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis were evaluated for the prediction of cigarette yield from time-resolved spectral data at 1, 2, 4 and 8 cm-1 spectral resolution. Regressions were developed using three different spectral ranges including unique rotation-vibration lines, the R-branch, and the entire absorption band. As per standard methods, yields were calculated from the concentration traces generated during the smoke runs for five different cigarettes spanning the expected range of mainstream total particulate matter deliveries. The FT-IR traces for the smoke runs revealed improved temporal resolution yielding analytical information from smoke generated in between puffs. The performance between the validation methods and the FT-IR calibrations was statistically compared. In general, for the determination of CO, the FT-IR calibrations underestimated the yield measured by NDIR by less than 10%. For the NO measurement, the univariate FT-IR calibrations overestimated the NO yield measured by the CL analyzer, whereas the partial least squares (PLS) calibrations showed good agreement. PLS calibrations were developed for both analytes providing no significant difference when compared to the respective standard analytical techniques. Results for sidestream CO and NO yields for Kentucky reference cigarette 1R4F utilizing 8 cm-1 calibrations compared favorably to values reported elsewhere in the literature. Hence, calibration of the FT-IR system at 8 cm-1 spectral resolution clearly revealed the potential of this method, providing enhanced temporal resolution, simultaneous determination of several smoke components, and reduced complexity of the experimental setup in contrast to the standard techniques.

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Application of FT-IR Absorption Spectroscopy for in Situ Gas Concentration and Temperature Measurements in Laboratory- and Pilot-Scale Combustion Environments

Cited by 12 publications

References 6 publications

Fourier Transform Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy for Quantitative Analysis of Gas Mixtures for Homeland Security Applications

Fourier Transform Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy for Quantitative Analysis of Gas Mixtures for Homeland Security Applications

Characterization of a Mid-Infrared Hollow Waveguide Gas Cell for the Analysis of Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide

Real-Time Fourier Transform-Infrared Analysis of Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide in Sidestream Cigarette Smoke

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