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Mosquitoes are highly important carriers of diseases, such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and various other lifethreatening illnesses. Traditionally, many chemicals, such as plant extracts, oils, and smoke, have been employed for the purpose of repelling mosquitoes. Various plants possess essential oils and chemicals that have been proven to be good insect repellents and are commonly regarded as weeds. The present study focused on the development of eco-friendly, nonhazardous mosquito-repellent fabrics using cinnamon and eucalyptus extracts. First, eucalyptus and cinnamon extracts were produced separately using ethanol and water as solvents with and without heating. Forty-eight different fabric samples were prepared by applying these extracts at three levels of process application temperature. A steam dye bath sampling machine was utilized to execute the extraction application process on fabric samples. The mosquito repellency performances of all of the samples were evaluated using the cage test method. The cage test revealed that all of the samples of eucalyptus and cinnamon extract-applied fabrics showed mosquito repellency performance at some level. However, the fabric samples treated with the heated extract of eucalyptus ethanol (EE-H) at 60 °C showed the best results in terms of mosquito repellency (85.56%) among all combinations. In addition to repellency, the impact of washing durability, UV shielding, and antibacterial performance was also evaluated. This research demonstrated a new method for creating a fabric that repels mosquitoes and has effective antibacterial properties as well as promising ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) rating. This fabric protects the wearer from the significant health risks posed by mosquitoes and harmful UV radiation while also maintaining its cleanliness. Moreover, the utilization and implementation of plant-derived coatings on textiles contribute to the advancement of sustainable methods (SDG 9 and SDG 12) in the chemical processing industry of textiles, ultimately leading to a reduction in their environmental footprint.
Mosquitoes are highly important carriers of diseases, such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and various other lifethreatening illnesses. Traditionally, many chemicals, such as plant extracts, oils, and smoke, have been employed for the purpose of repelling mosquitoes. Various plants possess essential oils and chemicals that have been proven to be good insect repellents and are commonly regarded as weeds. The present study focused on the development of eco-friendly, nonhazardous mosquito-repellent fabrics using cinnamon and eucalyptus extracts. First, eucalyptus and cinnamon extracts were produced separately using ethanol and water as solvents with and without heating. Forty-eight different fabric samples were prepared by applying these extracts at three levels of process application temperature. A steam dye bath sampling machine was utilized to execute the extraction application process on fabric samples. The mosquito repellency performances of all of the samples were evaluated using the cage test method. The cage test revealed that all of the samples of eucalyptus and cinnamon extract-applied fabrics showed mosquito repellency performance at some level. However, the fabric samples treated with the heated extract of eucalyptus ethanol (EE-H) at 60 °C showed the best results in terms of mosquito repellency (85.56%) among all combinations. In addition to repellency, the impact of washing durability, UV shielding, and antibacterial performance was also evaluated. This research demonstrated a new method for creating a fabric that repels mosquitoes and has effective antibacterial properties as well as promising ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) rating. This fabric protects the wearer from the significant health risks posed by mosquitoes and harmful UV radiation while also maintaining its cleanliness. Moreover, the utilization and implementation of plant-derived coatings on textiles contribute to the advancement of sustainable methods (SDG 9 and SDG 12) in the chemical processing industry of textiles, ultimately leading to a reduction in their environmental footprint.
Background and Aim: The phytogenic cocktail (PC) is a unique combination of natural plant extracts consisting of coconut shell smoke, clove leaf extract, and mangosteen rind extract, predominantly containing phenol, eugenol, and α-mangostin. Chicken performance can be improved by its antibacterial properties. This study aimed to test PC as a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs), assessing its impact on performance, intestinal microbes, and carcass traits in slow growth KUB chickens. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and forty KUB chicks were distributed randomly to five dietary groups. Each group constituted six replicates, one replicate contained eight chicks. The treatments included the control diet (CD) with no additives, CD with 50 ppm Zinc bacitracin as an additive (AGPs), CD paired with 198 mL PC/ton feed provided for the initial 12 weeks (PC1), CD with 198 mL PC/ton feed given for the first 4 weeks (PC2), and CD supplied with 198 mL PC/ton feed for the first 8 weeks (PC3). Performance and mortality indicators were assessed during the feeding stage up to 12 weeks of age, while intestinal total microbial count and carcass characteristics were determined at 12 weeks. Duncan’s multiple-range test identified differences among the treatments in the randomized experiment. Results: The AGPs group weighed significantly more (p < 0.05) than PC2 but not significantly different (p > 0.05) from Control, PC1, and PC3 at 4 weeks. At 8 weeks, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the body weight (BW) between the AGP, CD, and PC groups. The AGPs group had a significantly greater BW than PC1 and PC2 at 12 weeks (p < 0.05), but was comparable to CD and PC3 (p > 0.05). During the starter phase (0–4 weeks), dietary addition of AGPs or PCs significantly reduced feed intake (p < 0.05); however, no significant effect (p > 0.05) was observed during the later feeding periods (0–8 or 0–12 weeks). During the starter period, PC3 yielded the best feed conversion ratio, slightly surpassing AGPs and significantly (p < 0.05) outperforming CD. No significant variations (p > 0.05) were detected in the carcasses among the treatments. The reduction of abdominal fat relative weight was significant (p < 0.05) during the first 8 weeks of PC feeding. After the 12-week trial, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in the proportionate weights of the crop, proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas, cecum, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, heart, and liver. The reduction in the intestinal microbe population due to AGPs or PC was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). About 100% viability was confirmed by the absence of mortality throughout the study. Conclusion: PC supplementation in KUB chicken feed enhances their performance. The optimal feeding regimes were effective during the first 8 weeks of age. In the 0–4 week time frame, feeding the PC to the chicken worsened performance whereas no improvement was observed in the 0–12 week period. The application enhanced weight loss, feed efficiency, and reduced abdominal fat. Based on the research findings, the PC can replace AGPs as a feed additive due to comparable or superior improvement results. Keywords: antibiotic, carcass, intestinal microbial, performance, phytogenic cocktail, slow growth chickens.
Combining commercial antibiotics with adjuvants to lower their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is vital in combating antimicrobial resistance. Evaluating the ecotoxicity of such compounds is crucial due to environmental and health risks. Here, eugenol was assessed as an adjuvant for 7 commercial antibiotics against 14 pathogenic bacteria in vitro, also examining its acute ecotoxicity on various soil and water organisms (microbiota, Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna, Eisenia foetida, and Allium cepa). Using microdilution methods, checkerboard assays, and kinetic studies, the MICs for eugenol were determined together with the nature of its combinations with antibiotics against bacteria, some unexposed to eugenol previously. The lethal dose for the non-target organisms was also determined, as well as the Average Well Color Development and the Community-Level Physiological Profiling for soil and water microbiota. Our findings indicate that eugenol significantly reduces MICs by 75 to 98%, which means that it could be a potent adjuvant. Ecotoxicological assessments showed eugenol to be less harmful to water and soil microbiota compared to studied antibiotics. While Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna were susceptible, Allium cepa and Eisenia foetida were minimally affected. Given that only 0.1% of eugenol is excreted by humans without metabolism, its environmental risk when used with antibiotics appears minimal.
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