Application of etching and SEM in the identification of fossil plant tissues in coal

Moore, Tim A.; Swanson, Kerry

doi:10.1016/0146-6380(93)90061-f

Cited by 27 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…The recommendations from ASTM D2797-11a (2011) for coal sample preparation were followed where possible, although some adaptations were required. To avoid the cell structure damage, the samples were not ground to pass the 1mm sieve (Moore and Swanson, 1993). The small vitrain pieces, ranging from 2 to 20 mm, where placed in a mould with a transverse orientation, which allowed us to more easily identify cell structure and determine maceral composition.…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For phyteral analysis, all vitrain samples were etched to remove the gel that masked the plant material as a result of the coalification process (Lapo and Drozdova, 1989), and hence, the plant structure could be investigated (Lapo and Drozdova, 1989;Moore and Swanson, 1993;Van de Wetering et al, 2013).…”

Section: Etched Phyteral Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All vitrain samples were etched following the methods described by Moore and Swanson (1993) and Van de Wetering (2014). Etched vitrain samples were examined by reflected-light microscope using air objective with 5x, 10x, High rank vitrain was more difficult to etch because it needed a longer time to react in the etching solution than lower rank.…”

Section: Etched Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Light oxidation was performed by using an etching solution that contained 25 g potassium permanganate, 5 ml concentrated sulphuric acid and 100 ml water (Moore and Swanson, 1993). This solution was heated until boiling point, and a small portion of boiled etching solution (about 20-30 ml) was poured into petri dish.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Cleaning process was performed by submerging the sample block into a cleaning solution that contained 25 g sodium sulphite, 5 ml concentrated sulphuric acid and 100 ml water for 1 minute before being cleaned in an ultrasonic water bath (Moore and Swanson, 1993;Van de Wetering, 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Pore structure changes from wood to vitrain: a casy study from New Zealand coal

Rahmat¹

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Porosity in coal plays an important role in determining sorption capacity and diffusion behaviour of a given gas. Total porosity and pore size distribution are known to change with rank and composition. Total porosity declines whereas micropore volume increases with rank. On the other hand, the variability in composition among coals makes it difficult to track the changes due to the influence of various plant precursors. This study examines pore structure changes from the original plant structure represented by wood to vitrain across a range of ranks.Samples used in this study include a coal rank suite from brown coal to medium volatile bituminous of Cretaceous age from New Zealand. Porosity evolution during coalification was assessed using vitrain bands isolated from these coals which is derived from the genus Lagarostrobos. Previous palynological studies suggest that the precursor wood is related to the modern Huon pine (Lagarostrobos franklinii). Therefore, a wood sample of this species from Tasmania was also analysed. The methods used in this study were optical microscopy, low pressure gas adsorption using nitrogen and carbon dioxide at 77 K (-196.15 0 C) and 273 K (0 0 C) respectively, high pressure adsorption isotherms using carbon dioxide and methane at 32 0 C, and small/ultra-small angle neutron scattering (SANS/USANS).Petrographic analysis shows that the vitrain suite has a vitrinite content ranging from 79 % to 100 %, telinite in particular, ranging from 13.3% to 84.7% mmf, with random vitrinite reflectance ranging from 0.39 % to 1.49%. Qualitative comparison of wood microstructure and cell diameter in the Huon pine sample and that revealed in the vitrain samples by etching, shows a similar simple cell structure (bordered pits, unicellular rays). Based on an average cell diameter of 20 µm, compaction estimates ranged from 9:1 to 4:1, except for samples that did not appear woody (i.e. they were attrital and derived from herbaceous plants), or were heat affected, and tectonically deformed. This supports the assumption that most vitrain samples in this study have a Huon pine like precursor plant.Results from low pressure adsorption, using nitrogen, shows that the percentage of cumulative pore volume of micropores (those less than 20Å), from wood to vitrain increases with rank. The increase in micropore volume percentage rose significantly and peaked at sub-bituminous rank (Rr= 0.6%); thereafter it decreased exponentially with rank to medium volatile bituminous rank (Rr=0.9%). There is also an inverse correspondence between a ii decrease in percentage of cumulative macropores (pores larger than 500 Å) volume, at subbituminous rank (Rr=0.6%), that increases with increasing rank. Mesopores show a similar trend to micropores with a peak exception at 0.90% Rr. The total cumulative pore volume of micro-, meso-and macropore sizes show a good relationship with telinite maceral content.The result suggests that the changes in pore structure of the vitrain suite of samples, is more affected by vitrain compos...

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Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%