Application of Electrocoagulation for the Removal of Transition Metals in Water

Abstract

Urban and industrial effluents, stormwater, road runoff, agricultural runoff, urban or mine waste deposits and fuel storage sites can lead to the contamination of water sources with compounds that are hard to biodegrade, such as heavy metals, whose removal requires advanced and expensive technologies. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the UN and the current requirements in terms of energy efficiency, reduction of carbon emissions, water reuse, waste valorization and preservation of public health, have led to a rethink concerning the typology of technologies for the treatment of water and the production of drinking water. Electrocoagulation (EC) stands out in this scenario due to its high efficiency in the removal of several pollutants, production of low sludge volumes and adaptability to the use of renewable energies. This is in addition to the ease with which it can be combined with other water treatment technologies. This work presents a literature review to systematize the use of EC for the removal of transition metals in water to produce drinking water, since these elements are present in several natural water sources and are parameters used in the legislation of many countries for the quality control of drinking water. The works found were analyzed in detail, and relationships between pre-set variables and categories were determined through regression analysis. Generally, it was found that EC is a highly efficient technology for the removal of transition metals in water (above 75% for most metals), specifically through parallel plates technologies with iron and aluminum electrodes with a minimum spacing of 1 cm and density minimum applied current of 10 A/m².

Micro/nanorobots for remediation of water resources and aquatic life

“…The conventional approach to removing heavy metal ions is electrocoagulation, which offers a practical solution for eliminating heavy metals and other pollutants from water. This method is particularly attractive due to the small size of sludge generated during treatment, but its widespread implementation in many facilities is limited by the high costs involved (Aguiar et al, 2023). Furthermore, hexavalent ferrate has been used to remove various metal ions, including Pb, Cd, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, As, Co, Ni, and Al.…”

A Diamond/Graphene/Diamond Electrode for Waste Water Treatment

“…The destruction of existing water resources and water recycling systems by human activities has further exacerbated this challenge. Urbanization, industrial expansion, and wars around the world have resulted in the discharge of a considerable amount of wastewater containing high concentrations of trace metals, among other contaminants, into the environment [1,2]. In terms of organic pollutants, in addition to hormones, pesticides, and antibiotics produced by traditional agriculture and medical industries, there are also some emergent pollutants, i.e., pharmaceutical compounds, pharmaceutical and personal care products, endocrine disrupting chemicals, as well as new or opportunistic pathogens, which further increase the pollution of water resources [3,4].…”