Application of computerised correction method for optical distortion of two-dimensional facial image in superimposition between three-dimensional and two-dimensional facial images

Superimposition of serial 3-dimensional facial photographs to assess changes over time: A systematic review

“…Furthermore, the 2D images do not represent the real size because there is always a magnification factor. 1,2 Because of these limitations and the new possibilities available in recent years, 3D imaging techniques are gaining space in many disciplines, including plastic surgery, orthodontics, implantology, and maxillofacial surgery. 3 Three-dimensional images include an enormous amount of information compared with conventional 2D images, which is needed for the proper morphologic assessment of complex structures.…”

Craniofacial Superimposition: Historical Review and Current Issues

“…In 2010, Biwasaka et al. offered a procedure to correct for optical distortion during the CFS process. Their computerized approach focused specifically on the issue of superimposition of three‐dimensional and two‐dimensional images.…”

Photo anthropometric variations in Japanese facial features: Establishment of large-sample standard reference data for personal identification using a three-dimensional capture system

“…Although the 2D/3D superimposition method is extremely useful [12][13][14][19][20][21], it cannot completely substitute for traditional methods. 3D facial images cannot always be obtained from a possible offender in every forensic case.…”