Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics to Simulate a Steady Airflow in All Regions of Chimpanzee's Nasal Cavity

Samarat, Kaouthar; Kumahata, Kiyoshi; Hanida, Sho; Nishimura, Takeshi; Mori, Futoshi; Ishikawa, Shigeru; Matsuzawa, Teruo

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.08.014

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Boundary conditions used to obtain the results in this paper were implemented in a manner similar to that stated by [18]. Physiologically realistic estimates of respiratory rate and tidal volume were calculated based on the body weight of the subject as reported by [19] and [20].…”

Section: Boundary Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations of Chimpanzee Nasal Airflow for Different Respiratory Modes

2018

IJBM

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In this study, we investigated the airflow and airconditioning within an anatomically accurate computer model of the nasal airways belonging to a healthy adult chimpanzee. The finite volumes method was used to compute unsteady turbulent flows with physiological flow rates of 2.2 sin (2πt/3.4) [m/s], 1.8 sin (2πt/1.6) [m/s], and 4.4 sin (2πt/1.4) [m/s], mimicking breathing at rest state, shallow breathing under light stress, and a sniffing phase, respectively. Turbulent k-omega model was used to simulate unsteady respiratory phases whereas the turbulent k-epsilon model was used to simulate the sniffing phase. Simulation results argued that assuming a steady laminar inhalation state to investigate the airconditioning performance within chimpanzee nasal cavity may be exaggerated. The outcomes of this study might potentially contribute in accumulating standardized biological information on healthy chimpanzee, and so increasing the ability to care for it as an endangered species.

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Section: Boundary Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations of Chimpanzee Nasal Airflow for Different Respiratory Modes

2018

IJBM

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“…Conversely, very little attention has been paid to the soft tissue of great ape noses. While we acknowledge that chimpanzee noses have received some research interest (Losken et al, 1994;Samarat, 2016;Samarat et al, 2013), with the exception of one study (Hofer, 1972), gorilla and orangutan studies are practically nonexistent. It is not clear why the nasal soft tissues of great apes are so understudied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Relationships between the hard and soft dimensions of the nose in Pan troglodytes and Homo sapiens reveal the nasal protrusions of Plio-Pleistocene hominids

Campbell

Vinas

Henneberg

2021

Preprint

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By identifying similarity in bone and soft tissue covariation patterns in hominids, it is possible to produce facial approximation methods that are compatible with more than one species of primate. In this study, we conducted an interspecific comparison of the nasomaxillary region in chimpanzees and modern humans with the aim of producing a method for predicting the nasal protrusions of ancient Plio-Pleistocene hominids. We addressed this aim by first collecting and performing regression analyses of linear and angular measurements of nasal cavity length and inclination in modern humans ( Homo sapiens; n = 72) and chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ; n = 19), and then by performing a set of out-of-group tests. The first test was performed on two subjects that belonged to the same genus as the training sample, i.e., Homo ( n = 1) and Pan ( n = 1), and the second test, which functioned as an interspecies compatibility test, was performed on Pan paniscus ( n = 1), Gorilla gorilla ( n = 3), Pongo pygmaeus ( n = 1), Pongo abelli ( n = 1), Symphalangus syndactylus ( n = 3), and Papio hamadryas ( n = 3). We identified statistically significant correlations in both humans and chimpanzees with slopes that displayed homogeneity of covariation. Joint prediction formulae were found to be compatible with humans and chimpanzees as well as all other African great apes, i.e., bonobos and gorillas. The main conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that regression models for approximating nasal projection are homogenous among humans and African apes and can thus be reasonably extended to ancestors leading to these clades.

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“…Conversely, very little attention has been paid to the soft tissue of great ape noses. While we acknowledge that chimpanzee noses have received some research interest [27][28][29], with the exception of one study [30], gorilla and orangutan studies are practically non-existent. Given that great apes have been useful for understanding the human evolutionary story, it is not clear why the nasal soft tissues of great apes are so understudied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between the hard and soft dimensions of the nose in Pan troglodytes and Homo sapiens reveal the positions of the nasal tips of Plio-Pleistocene hominids

2022

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By identifying homogeneity in bone and soft tissue covariation patterns in living hominids, it is possible to produce facial approximation methods with interspecies compatibility. These methods may be useful for producing facial approximations of fossil hominids that are more realistic than currently possible. In this study, we conducted an interspecific comparison of the nasomaxillary region in chimpanzees and modern humans with the aim of producing a method for predicting the positions of the nasal tips of Plio-Pleistocene hominids. We addressed this aim by first collecting and performing regression analyses of linear and angular measurements of nasal cavity length and inclination in modern humans (Homo sapiens; n = 72) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes; n = 19), and then performing a set of out-of-group tests. The first test was performed on four subjects that belonged to the same genus as the training sample, i.e., Homo (n = 2) and Pan (n = 2), and the second test, which functioned as an interspecies compatibility test, was performed on Pan paniscus (n = 1), Gorilla gorilla (n = 3), Pongo pygmaeus (n = 1), Pongo abelli (n = 1), Symphalangus syndactylus (n = 3), and Papio hamadryas (n = 3). We identified statistically significant correlations in both humans and chimpanzees with slopes that displayed homogeneity of covariation. Prediction formulae combining these data were found to be compatible with humans and chimpanzees as well as all other African great apes, i.e., bonobos and gorillas. The main conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that our set of regression models for approximating the position of the nasal tip are homogenous among humans and African apes, and can thus be reasonably extended to ancestors leading to these clades.

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Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics to Simulate a Steady Airflow in All Regions of Chimpanzee's Nasal Cavity

Cited by 6 publications

References 8 publications

Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations of Chimpanzee Nasal Airflow for Different Respiratory Modes

Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations of Chimpanzee Nasal Airflow for Different Respiratory Modes

Relationships between the hard and soft dimensions of the nose in Pan troglodytes and Homo sapiens reveal the nasal protrusions of Plio-Pleistocene hominids

Relationships between the hard and soft dimensions of the nose in Pan troglodytes and Homo sapiens reveal the positions of the nasal tips of Plio-Pleistocene hominids

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