Application of Chondroitin Sulfate Derivatives for Understanding Axonal Guidance in the Nervous System during Development

Abstract

Neuronal axons and their growth cones recognize molecular guidance cues within the local environment, forming axonal pathways to produce precise neuronal networks during nervous system development. Chondroitin sulfates (CS), carbohydrate chains on chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, exhibit great structural diversity and exert various influences on axons and growth cones as guidance cues or their modulators; however, the relationship between their structural diversity and function in axonal guidance is not well known. To uncover the roles of CS in axonal guidance, artificially modified hybrid molecules: CS derivatives of biotinylated CS and lipid-derivatized CS, were used. The experiments with biotinylated CS suggest that the growing axons act on their environment, modifying CS, and rendering it more favorable for their growth. The experiments with lipid-derivatized CS demonstrated that growth cones distinguish types of CS with different unit contents and are likely to discriminate the structural diversity of CS. The application of CS derivatives is useful in uncovering axon-environment interaction and structure-function relationship of CS directly.

Gelatin‐polysaccharide composite scaffolds for 3D cell culture and tissue engineering: Towards natural therapeutics

“…Besides the polysaccharides discussed so far, which have widely been combined with gelatin, in this section, less‐explored polysaccharides for 3D cellular engineering and therapeutic applications will be highlighted. Table presents these polysaccharides with their structure and applications …”

“…Table 1 presents these polysaccharides with their structure and applications. [260][261][262][263][264][265][266][267][268][269] Here, we provide examples wherein gelatin and agarose have been merged for 3D cellular engineering. 270 Agarose is a ubiquitous polysaccharide obtained from agar.…”

Synthesis of Azide-Modified Chondroitin Sulfate Precursors: Substrates for “Click”- Conjugation with Fluorescent Labels and Oligonucleotides

“…Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a linear sulfated polysaccaharide that plays pivotal roles in many biological processes such as cell division, neuronal development, viral invasion, cancer metastasis, and spinal cord injury. − CS is composed of repeating β- d -glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N -acetyl-β- d -galactosamine (GalNAc) units arranged in the sequence by GlcA-β(1 → 3)-GalNAc-β(1 → 4) glycosidic bonds with variable high and low sulfation patterns. The highly sulfated regions with a specific arrangement of the sulfate groups define the binding motifs for certain proteins (for example neurotrophins, selectins, chemokines, and midkine). , Because of the biological activities of CS, it has a great potential in the drug development related to malignant tumors, multiple sclerosis, and neuronal degeneration processes, for example.…”

A quartz crystal microbalance method to study the terminal functionalization of glycosaminoglycans

“…7 Hydrazone ligation has become the most frequently used strategy for GAG functionalization. 1,[8][9][10]11 Oxime ligation (for selected references, see ref. 12), on the other hand, has only rarely been applied to polysaccharides, 13 and to our knowledge not to GAGs.…”

“…For oxime ligation, the reaction was successful only by using aniline as a catalyst as described previously. 16 To reproduce a commonly reported protocol, 1,8,10,11 we did not use aniline for hydrazone ligation, although this compound is also known to enhance this reaction. 17 We created a library of biotin-conjugates through oxime ligation, containing GAGs of different types and defined chain lengths (Scheme 1B): hyaluronic acid (HA; oligosaccharides with 2 and 5 disaccharide units (dp4, dp10), and a 360 kDa polysaccharide) and heparan sulfate (HS; dp6, dp8, dp10, dp12, and a 12 kDa polysaccharide).…”