Application of chemometrics techniques to solve environmental issues in Malaysia

Abstract

There has been a growing concern on the rising of environmental issues in Malaysia over the last decade. Many environmental studies conducted in this country began to utilise the chemometrics techniques to overcome the limitation in the environmental monitoring studies. Chemometrics becomes an important tool in environmental fields to evaluate the relationship of various environmental variables particularly in a large and complex database. The review aimed to analyse and summarize the current evidences and limitations on the application of chemometrics techniques in the environmental studies in Malaysia. The study performed a comprehensive review of relevant scientific journals concerning on the major environmental issues in the country, published between 2013 and 2017. A total of 29 papers which focused on the environmental issues were reviewed. Available evidences suggested that chemometrics techniques have a greater accuracy, flexibility and efficiency to be applied in environmental modelling. It also reported that chemometrics techniques are more practical for cost effective and time management in sampling and monitoring purposes. However, chemometrics is relatively new in environmental field in Malaysia and various scopes need to be considered in the future as the current studies focused on very limited number of major environmental issues. Overall, chemometrics techniques have a lot of advantages in solving environmental problems. The development of chemometrics in environmental studies in the country is necessary to advance understanding, thus able to produce more significant impacts towards the effective environmental management.

The effect of intention to act and knowledge of environmental issues on environmental behavior

“…The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) explains that intention to act is a representation of knowledge (Malvestio et al, 2018;Shafii et al, 2019). The formation of environmentally sound behavior was supported by three components that were very difficult to separate, namely: knowledge, feelings, and desires to act (Pimentel et al, 2004;Yilmaz et al, 2004).…”

“…However, information that illustrates the pattern of relations between knowledge of environmental issues and the intention to act on environmentally sound behavior has not been widely discussed, but both are considered more partially (Shafii et al, 2019;Yilmaz, Boone, & Andersen, 2004). This study aimed at determining the correlations between intention to act, environmental issues knowledge, and environmental behavior on biology teachers in State High Schools of Pandeglang Regency.…”

Implementation of chemometrics as a Solution to detecting and preventing falsification of herbal medicines in Southeast Asia: A review

“…The most popular techniques for the classification of herbal products include linear discriminant analysis (LDA), k-nearest neighbor, soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), ANN, partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) (Gad and Bouzabata, 2017). Table 1 explains several analytical methods that have been reported which applied the fingerprinting analytical approach using chromatography [Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), GC, and HPLC/ultraperformance liquid chromatography] and spectrometry (UV-Vis, Infrared, near magnetic resonance (NMR), and MS) or both in tandem like gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer that could be used for fingerprint analysis and authentication of some herbal medicines (Rohman et al, 2020b;Septyanti et al, 2016).…”

“…The combination of chromatography fingerprint and multivariate analysis [Partial least square regression (PLSR), PCA, and discriminant analysis (DA)] has been extensively used for species identification, discrimination, and authentication of medicinal plant such as authentication of fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) from another country (Yudthavorasit et al, 2014), authentication of KG (Kaempferia galangal) from related plant species (Septyanti et al, 2016), and discrimination of red and white rice bran (Sabir et al, 2017). Other methods of chemometrics, namely, PLSR, PCR, and PCA, were combined with fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy to be successfully applied for the authentication of Eurycoma longifolia from different places in Kalimantan (Triyasmono et al, 2020) and authentication of Nigella sativa oil adulterated with grapeseed oil (Nurrulhidayah et al, 2011).…”

“…All of the four species are closely related and used as herbal drinks and food supplements in Indonesia. UV- Islam et al, 2020;Azemin et al, 2018;Sabir et al, 2017;Septyanti et al, 2016). Canonical variate analysis (CVA) was also one of the multivariate analyses used for species classifications.…”