“…The surface charge and chemistry of cellulosic materials are determined by their processing, including pretreatment and mechanical shearing . Residual lignin, hemicellulose, and extractive components from the cellulose source can also have an influence on the surface charge and properties of the material, so there is not one consistent model system. , Additionally, although the fiber charge depends partly on the amount of acid functional groups, it is affected by the pH, ionic strength, and swelling of the fibers. ,, The high aspect ratio and surface area of CNFs allow for greater water retention than other pulps, making them among the highest users of energy for drying and providing a good basis for evaluation of the water retention and phase behavior with PECs. , CNFs have also been previously studied using molecular simulations, − although their interactions with polyelectrolytes and complexation behavior have not been examined, so there is a need to understand the full system, which includes CNF and polyelectrolytes, for further improving the material design principles.…”