Application of Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Engineered Nanovesicles for Hair Growth: From Mechanisms to Therapeutics

Abstract

Hair loss is one of the most common disorders that affect both male and female patients. Cell-derived nanovesicles (CDVs) are natural extracellular vesicles and engineered nanovesicles that can carry various biologicals materials such as proteins, lipids, mRNA, miRNA, and DNA. These vesicles can communicate with local or distant cells and are capable of delivering endogenous materials and exogenous drugs for regenerative therapies. Recent studies revealed that CDVs can serve as new treatment strategies for hair growth. Herein, we review current knowledge on the role of CDVs in applications to hair growth. The in-depth understanding of the mechanisms by which CDVs enable therapeutic effects for hair growth may accelerate successful clinical translation of these vesicles for treating hair loss.

Engineered Nanovesicles from Fibroblasts Modulate Dermal Papillae Cells In Vitro and Promote Human Hair Follicle Growth Ex Vivo

“…DP cells, which originate from mesenchymal components, conventionally release growth factors to induce and maintain the development of HFs, regulate the hair cycle, and regenerate HFs. Therefore, DP cells are considered the key signaling centers [ 7 , 17 ]. In this study, we successfully engineered NVs from fibroblasts and found evidence of the direct role of FB-eNVs in DP cells and HFs.…”

“…Most studies, including our previous studies, have reported that EVs/NVs exert their therapeutic effects on hair growth by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways [ 7 ]. BMP2 and LEF1 are the known DP signature genes in mice and humans, respectively [ 27 ].…”

“…Hair loss (alopecia) is a common medical disorder affecting both sexes. Numerous studies conducted to assess the therapeutic applications of EVs obtained from different cells (dermal papilla (DP), stem cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts) in treating hair loss have demonstrated that EV-based treatments can facilitate hair growth [ 7 ]. Studies have frequently used naturally released EVs to treat several diseases, including hair loss.…”

“…Only two studies have demonstrated that eNVs synthesized from macrophages and neural progenitor cells can induce hair growth [ 12 , 13 ]; however, no studies have reported the production of eNVs from fibroblasts. Compared to stem cells (from bone marrow or adipose), macrophages, or neural progenitor cells, fibroblast cells are associated with skin and hair growth [ 7 ]. In addition, fibroblast cells have been demonstrated to respond to injury and hair cycling in the skin [ 14 ].…”

Regulation of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Immune Responses against Antigen-Specific Presentation

“…Exosomes are endosomal membrane-derived vesicles, approximately 50–150 nm in size, formed during endocytosis and secreted by almost all types of cells, and are present in large numbers in body fluids such as blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, tears, and saliva. Their main constituents are lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, including microRNAs (miRNAs), messenger RNA (mRNA), and DNA derived from secretory cells transferred to other cells [ 12 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 ,…”