Application of calcined waste cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) seeds as a low-cost solid catalyst in soybean oil ethanolysis: Statistical optimization

Mendonça, Iasmin Maquiné; Machado, Flavia Lopes; Silva, Cláudia Cândida; Duvoisin, Sérgio; Takeno, Mitsuo Lopes; Maia, Paulo José Sousa; Manzato, Lizandro; Freitas, Flávio A. de

doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112095

Cited by 54 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…The diagnostic plots obtained from this current study are similar to the ones reported for the modeling of transesterification process of neem-rubber seed oil blend with methanol over calcined elephant ear pod husk as catalyst [30]. Also, similar plots are reported for the model developed for the transesterification of soybean oil with ethanol using calcined waste cupuaçu seed as a solid catalyst [12].…”

Section: Modelling Results Of Transesterification Processsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…MeOH level higher than what is required in terms of stochiometric is needed to drive the equilibrium reaction forward and at the same time, enough time is needed for the reaction to be completed. These observations have been reported in previous studies on transesterification reactions [12,30,43]. Figure 8a.…”

Section: Interactive Effect Of Process Parameters On Hrnobsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The was a reduction of biodiesel yield from 95.23% to 85.4% after 6th cycle of reuse of catalyst developed by calcination of C. papaya stem at 700 • C for 4 h [15]. In the case of calcined waste of cupuaçu seeds at 800 • C for 4 h, its reusability test showed that after the 3rd cycle, the biodiesel yield from soybean oil was reduced from 98% to 22% [12]. We have previously reported that elephant ear pod husk calcined at 700 for 4 h can reused up to four times for transesterification of neem-rubber seed oil blend with a biodiesel yield reduction from 98.68% to 74.68% [30].…”

Section: Reusability Study Of Cpk Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gohain et al [15] reported that calcined Carica papaya stem at 700 • C for 4 h contains K (56.71%), Ca (21.08%), Na (14.78%) and Mg (4.41%). Calcined waste of cupuaçu seeds at 800 • C for 4 h was reported to contain K, Ca and Mg with composition of 54.76, 17.57 and 3.61%, respectively [12]. Also, it was found that K (56.13%) and Ca (26.04%) were the predominant elements in Brassica nigra leaves calcined at 550 • C for 2 h [13].…”

Section: Sem Analysis Of Calcined Cpkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evidence from several works indicate that this approach has been successfully applied for biodiesel production. Sources of biomass-derived catalysts include waste shells, biomass ashes, activated carbon-supported catalysts, animal bones and waste coral [10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sustainable Biodiesel Synthesis from Honne-Rubber-Neem Oil Blend with a Novel Mesoporous Base Catalyst Synthesized from a Mixture of Three Agrowastes

et al. 2020

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Application of solid catalysts synthesized from agricultural wastes provides an environmentally benign and low-cost process path to synthesize biodiesel. An ash containing an equal mixture of cocoa pod husk, plantain peel and kola nut pod husk ashes (CPK) was obtained by open combustion of each of the biomass in air and calcined at 500 °C for 4 h. The calcined CPK ash was characterized to determine its catalytic potential. Two-level transesterification technique was used to synthesize biodiesel using the developed catalyst. The process parameters involved were optimized for the microwave-aided transesterification of a blend of honne, rubber seed and neem oils in a volumetric ratio of 20:20:60, respectively. The study showed that the ash derived from combination of the biomass wastes provided a catalyst which consists all necessary catalytic ingredients in their relative abundance. The calcined CPK consists of 47.67% of potassium, 5.56% calcium and 4.21% magnesium attesting to its heterogenous status. The physisorption isotherms reveals that it was dominantly mesoporous in structure and made up of nanoparticles. A maximum of 98.45 wt.% biodiesel was obtained from a MeOH:oil blend of 12:1, CPK concentration of 1.158 wt.% and reaction time of 6 min under microwave irradiation. The quality of the synthesized biodiesel satisfied the requirements stipulated by standard specifications. Thus, this work demonstrates that a blend of agrowastes and mixtures of non-edible oils could be used to synthesize good quality and sustainable biodiesel that can replace fossil diesel.

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Section: Modelling Results Of Transesterification Processsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Interactive Effect Of Process Parameters On Hrnobsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Reusability Study Of Cpk Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sem Analysis Of Calcined Cpkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sustainable Biodiesel Synthesis from Honne-Rubber-Neem Oil Blend with a Novel Mesoporous Base Catalyst Synthesized from a Mixture of Three Agrowastes

et al. 2020

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Eco‐friendly biodiesel production using passion fruit peels and cupuaçu seeds: Catalyst development and process optimization

Barros,

Nobre,

Lobo

et al. 2023

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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Yellow passion fruit peel and cupuaçu seeds are common wastes. Usually, they have few or no applications and are discarded, causing environmental pollution. To use them in a new way and reduce ecological pollution, we obtained the ash of yellow passion fruit peels by calcination. We characterized it using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR), X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), adsorption‐desorption of N2, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), basicity, and soluble alkalinity. It was observed that the ash was mainly composed of potassium (69%) in the form of carbonate, chloride, and sulfate, with a good surface area (11.23 m2 g−1). The cupuaçu butter was also extracted from the cupuaçu seeds and characterized, showing low acidity, peroxide, saponification, and iodine indexes, in addition to presenting a lipid profile with 57% saturated fatty acid and 43% unsaturated fatty acid. Oleic and stearic acids were present in higher proportions. These results demonstrate that this butter can be a sustainable input in biodiesel production. Thus, the ash was used as a heterogeneous catalyst in the butter transesterification. The biodiesel synthesis was optimized, resulting in 97.8% butter conversion into biodiesel under the following conditions: reaction time of 2 h, 5 wt% of catalyst, 80 °C, and a methanol‐to‐oil molar ratio of 30. This work, therefore, shows that it is possible to obtain and utilize bioinputs, such as cupuaçu butter and passion fruit peel ash, to produce biodiesel through transesterification, and the use of waste materials (precisely passion fruit peels and cupuaçu seeds) makes this method a cost‐effective and environmentally friendly approach to biofuel production.

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Biomass‐based heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production: A comprehensive review

Tobío‐Pérez

Domínguez

Rodríguez-Machín

et al. 2021

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary Biodiesel is one of the most widely used alternative fuels to reduce exhaust emissions and the use of conventional fossil fuels. It can be synthesized from a transesterification reaction from vegetable oils or animal fats in the presence of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts. Some drawbacks of using homogeneous catalysts increased attention to heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. Recently, heterogeneous catalysts derived from biomass have risen to the forefront of biodiesel production due to their sustainability, economical and eco‐friendly nature. In addition, they are easily recovered and constitute an alternative to eliminate biomass residues. This review highlights several biomass sources used as precursors for the production of heterogeneous catalyst. Furthermore, methods for preparing heterogeneous catalysts, the reaction mechanisms, catalyst advantages and drawbacks, their performance in biodiesel production, as well as the methodologies developed for their effective recovery are discussed in detail. Among lignocellulosic biomass‐based precursors, the paper takes into account those based on biochar, ash, carbonaceous substrate, and seed oil cake. Those catalysts obtained by both preparation methods (calcination and activation) have good catalytic activity for waste cooking oil or neat oils. Biomass ash or biochar‐based catalysts are also promising routes in biodiesel synthesis, but significant reductions in catalyst load, reaction time, temperature, and methanol‐to‐oil ratio must be reached.

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Application of calcined waste cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) seeds as a low-cost solid catalyst in soybean oil ethanolysis: Statistical optimization

Cited by 54 publications

References 64 publications

Sustainable Biodiesel Synthesis from Honne-Rubber-Neem Oil Blend with a Novel Mesoporous Base Catalyst Synthesized from a Mixture of Three Agrowastes

Sustainable Biodiesel Synthesis from Honne-Rubber-Neem Oil Blend with a Novel Mesoporous Base Catalyst Synthesized from a Mixture of Three Agrowastes

Eco‐friendly biodiesel production using passion fruit peels and cupuaçu seeds: Catalyst development and process optimization

Biomass‐based heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production: A comprehensive review

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