Application of bone morphogenetic proteins to femoral non-unions: A 4-year multicentre experience

Tissue engineered bone using select growth factors: A comprehensive review of animal studies and clinical translation studies in man

“…Non-union fracture studies reported better results following administration of 3.5 mg BMP-7. 75 % (Friedlaender et al, 2001) to 100 % ) of treated patients exhibited healed defects within 3 (Kanakaris et al, 2008) to 16 months . This compared with only 68.3 % D Gothard et al Tissue engineered bone and clinical translation to 85 % (Friedlaender et al, 2001) of patients who received autograft.…”

Clinical application of bone morphogenetic proteins for bone healing: a systematic review

“…On the other hand, this literature research also revealed that most of the clinical findings are based on case reports or case series with small patient populations, characterized by different delivery approaches, anatomical locations, bone pathologies and dosages, which makes it difficult to draw any final conclusion about the real potential of BMPs therapy and the best protocol they can be applied to [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]. Therefore, further research in this direction is needed.…”

Long-term safety and efficacy of human bone morphogenetic protein (HBMP) in the treatment of resistant non-unions and failed arthrodesis

“…The ability of bone morphogenetic proteins to improve the local biology at the site of atrophic non-unions through its osteoinductive capabilities has been ascertained in both animal 13,14 and clinical trials. 2,3,6,15 Several preclinical animal studies have demonstrated that hBMP can be used safely with few, if any, deleterious effects. 13,[16][17][18] This early work with animal models contributed to the progression of use of hBMP in clinical trials, which have also shown to be promising.…”

“…Additionally, studies directed specifically at the use various recombinant BMPs have failed to show an association with the development of tumor induction, systemic toxicity, or allergic reaction to BMP in a short-term or intermediate-term follow-up period. 2,6,8,10,12,14,[16][17][18][19] Furthermore, several studies have shown that the use of hBMP in the treatment of non-unions and acute open fractures may be associated with a decreased risk of infection compared to control groups. 7,12 Although the mechanism for this has not been fully elucidated, researchers suggest that this may be linked to the positive effect that BMPs exert on the local cellular environment and the vascularity by stimulating angiogenesis at the fracture site.…”

“…The current management for the majority of pseudarthrosis cases includes mechanical stabilization with various forms of internal or external fixation in addition to some form of a biological stimulation. 6 Common methods of biological augmentation at the site of non-union include application of demineralized bone matrix, bone morphogenetic proteins, bone marrow aspirate, and the application of autogenous bone graft. 7 BMP has emerged as a suitable alternative to autogenous cancellous bone grafting due to its ability to decrease the number of non-unions, risk of infection, and donor site morbidity.…”