“…Additionally, MSCs can be autologously harvested, which mitigates the issue of immunologic rejection by the host. Experimentally, MSCs have been used as a cell source to replenish damaged tissue since they are capable of differentiating into various tissue types in response to environmental cues, such as secreted and insoluble growth factors -tumor growth factor (TGF)-alpha, TGF-beta, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) -and chemokines (interleukin (IL)-1, IL2, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma) [25][26][27]. MSCs are also known to reverse apoptosis in other cell types, such as cardiac myoblasts, neurons, and lung fibroblasts [28][29][30].…”