“…Historically, arginine has been used for improving the refolding efficiency of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli that have been expressed into inclusion bodies (Arora and Khanna, 1996; Brinkmann et al, 1992). More recently, arginine has been used in protein purification applications to improve separation and recovery and to provide milder elution conditions for a variety of chromatographic resins (Annathur et al, 2010; Arakawa et al, 2004, 2007a; Ejima et al, 2005; Tsumoto et al, 2007). While the underlying mechanism is not well understood, arginine has been shown to improve protein stability and suppress aggregation by directly binding to proteins and by indirect methods such as altering water structure (Arakawa et al, 2007b; Kita et al, 1994; Lin and Timasheff, 1996; Schneider and Trout, 2009; Shukla and Trout, 2010; Shukla et al, 2011).…”