Application of Anhydrous Calcium Sulfate as a Weighting Agent in Oil-Based Drilling Fluids

Murtaza, Mobeen; Tariq, Zeeshan; Mahmoud, Mohamed; Shehri, Dhafer Al

doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c03151

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Various concentrations (1, 3, 7, and 10) wt % of these inhibitors were examined to understand their impact on clay swelling. The concentrations of drilling fluids were selected based on the industry practices and through previously reported literature. − …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This measurement was performed for various concentrations of inhibitors. The 120 h (5-day) duration, as chosen, aligns with the established practices in the literature, providing a balanced time frame that facilitates a comprehensive observation of shale swelling behavior over an extended period. , …”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 120 h (5-day) duration, as chosen, aligns with the established practices in the literature, providing a balanced time frame that facilitates a comprehensive observation of shale swelling behavior over an extended period. 59,62 The data obtained from the test was then used as input for ML models. A software application utilized a kinetic (eq 1) to calculate the percentage of shale swelling based on the recorded data.…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Experimental Study and Machine Learning Modeling of Shale Swelling in Extended Reach Wells When Exposed to Diverse Water-Based Drilling Fluids

Tariq,

Murtaza,

Alrasheed

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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Shale swelling poses considerable challenges for companies involved in extended-reach well drilling, particularly when it comes to maintaining wellbore stability. Despite the incorporation of swelling inhibitors in water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs), shale swelling can persist as an issue. Currently, the assessment of WBDFs' ability to prevent swelling usually involves costly, timeconsuming, and labor-intensive laboratory experiments. Therefore, this study leverages machine learning techniques (ML) to forecast the dynamic linear swelling behavior of sodium bentonite-based shale wafers. These shale wafers were subjected to different WBDFs containing diverse inorganic salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ), and calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ). To gather sufficient data to train the ML models, an extensive experimental study was conducted using various WBDF formulations. The experiments were conducted on wafers, wherein each wafer treated with an inorganic salt underwent a linear swell test for 120 h until the swelling reached a plateau. Moreover, the conductivities and zeta potential of WBDFs, which were prepared using varying concentrations of salts, were recorded. Several ML techniques, namely gradient boosting, decision trees, adaptive gradient boosting (AdaBoost), K-nearest neighbors, random forest, extreme gradient boosting, and stacked generalized regression (SGR) were used to forecast shale swelling. The ML models were trained using input features such as salt types, salt concentrations, salt conductivities, salt zeta potential, and elapsed time. The results revealed that the SGR model outperformed other techniques by effectively predicting linear swelling in terms of coefficient of determination (R 2 ) above 0.95. The developed ML model offers an efficient approach to assess the maximum swelling potential of various WBDFs that can help in effectively mitigating the wellbore instability concerns by continuously evaluating the interaction between shale and the drilling fluid for drilling for extended reach or maximum contact wells.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Experimental Study and Machine Learning Modeling of Shale Swelling in Extended Reach Wells When Exposed to Diverse Water-Based Drilling Fluids

Tariq,

Murtaza,

Alrasheed

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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“…Specifically, LSYP can contribute significantly in hole cleaning efficiency and ability of drill cuttings transportation in drilling of directional wells and it is critical and important as YP during drilling wells. In drilling operations practices it si highly recommended to have increased YP and a decreased LSYP (Murtaza et al 2021).…”

Section: Development Of a Novel Hole Cleaning Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Model for Real-Time Evaluation of Hole Cleaning Conditions with Case Studies

Al-Rubaii¹,

Al-Shargabi²,

Shehri³

2023

Preprint

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When drilling oil and gas wells, hole cleaning efficiency is crucial, particularly in the curved or severely deviated sections. Although many hole-cleaning procedures and models have been developed, most of them have substantial limitations or are difficult to apply in real time. This study aimed to develop a model for the hole cleaning index (HCI) that could be integrated into the drilling operations to provide an automated and real-time evaluation of deviated drilling hole cleaning. The new model herein was developed based on the mechanical drilling parameters, enhanced estimated drilling fluid properties, and cuttings characteristics. This HCI model was validated and tested in the field, as it was applied when drilling 12.25”-intermediate directional sections in two wells with a total length of approximately 2000 ft each. The integration of the HCI helped to attain a much better well drilling performance (50% enhancement) and mitigation of potential problems like pipe sticking and the slower rate of penetration. Since the developed index incorporates the changes in wellbore geometry and other spontaneous field data, the new model could be utilized for real-time optimization and intermediate interventions by drilling teams, unlike commercial software tools which are only useful during the planning phase. For this reason, the HCI can be linked to the driller's control panel to provide timely evaluation and corrective measures related to hole cleaning.

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“…The most prominent component of drilling field operation is the use of efficient drilling mud for lubricating the drill bit, cuttings transportation from the bottom of the wellbore to the surface, and maintaining the pressure balance in the wellbore being drilled [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Oil-based mud (OBM) and water-based mud (WBM) are the common types of drilling mud [ 4 , 5 ]. Albeit, OBM are more efficient, they are less preferred due to their toxicity, high cost, and dangers they pose to the environment [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Magnetic Surfactant Having One Degree of Unsaturation in the Hydrophobic Tail as a Shale Swelling Inhibitor

et al. 2023

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One of the foremost causes of wellbore instability during drilling operations is shale swelling and hydration induced by the interaction of clay with water-based mud (WBM). Recently, the use of surfactants has received great interest for preventing shale swelling, bit-balling problems, and providing lubricity. Herein, a novel synthesized magnetic surfactant was investigated for its performance as a shale swelling inhibitor in drilling mud. The conventional WBM and magnetic surfactant mixed WBM (MS–WBM) were formulated and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Subsequently, the performance of 0.4 wt.% magnetic surfactant as shale swelling and clay hydration inhibitor in drilling mud was investigated by conducting linear swelling and capillary suction timer (CST) tests. Afterward, the rheological and filtration properties of the MS–WBM were measured and compared to conventional WBM. Lastly, the swelling mechanism was investigated by conducting a scanning electron microscope (SEM), zeta potential measurement, and particle size distribution analysis of bentonite-based drilling mud. Experimental results revealed that the addition of 0.4 wt.% magnetic surfactant to WBM caused a significant reduction (30%) in linear swelling. SEM analysis, contact angle measurements, and XRD analysis confirmed that the presence of magnetic surfactant provides long-term swelling inhibition via hydrophobic interaction with the bentonite particles and intercalation into bentonite clay layers. Furthermore, the inhibition effect showed an increase in fluid loss and a decrease in rheological parameters of bentonite mixed mud. Overall, the use of magnetic surfactant exhibits sterling clay swelling inhibition potential and is hereby proffered for use as a drilling fluid additive.

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Application of Anhydrous Calcium Sulfate as a Weighting Agent in Oil-Based Drilling Fluids

Cited by 11 publications

References 42 publications

An Experimental Study and Machine Learning Modeling of Shale Swelling in Extended Reach Wells When Exposed to Diverse Water-Based Drilling Fluids

An Experimental Study and Machine Learning Modeling of Shale Swelling in Extended Reach Wells When Exposed to Diverse Water-Based Drilling Fluids

A Novel Model for Real-Time Evaluation of Hole Cleaning Conditions with Case Studies

A Magnetic Surfactant Having One Degree of Unsaturation in the Hydrophobic Tail as a Shale Swelling Inhibitor

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