Application of accelerated electron beam and microwave irradiation to biological waste treatment

Microwaving human faecal sludge as a viable sanitation technology option for treatment and value recovery – A critical review

“…Microwave exposure for 1 minute at 65°C 1.34W h/g TS resulted in a sludge of coliform densities less than 1,000MPN/g total dried solids . Martin et al, (2005) also reported a similar observation at 85°C, where sewage sludge irradiated at 670W for 1 and 3 minutes resulted in complete destruction of coliforms to 33 and 2 total coliforms per 100ml respectively. At temperatures greater than 70°C, more studies have reported no microorganism activity, i.e.…”

“…At temperatures greater than 70°C, more studies have reported no microorganism activity, i.e. no detection of coliforms or E. coli in pre-treated sludge (Hong et al, 2004;Martin et al, 2005;Eskicioglu et al, 2009;Park et al, 2010).…”

Microwave Irradiation as a Way to Reutilize the Recovered Struvite Slurry and to Enhance System Performance

“…Bi et al (2007) stated that microwave irradiation could shorten the reaction time by 1/18 times, which would greatly reduce the economical costs of catalytic oxidation process. Moreover, Martin et al (2005) stated that microwave irradiation requires low energy to produce more output.…”

Radiation Sensitivity of Bacteria Contaminating Food

“…Some previous studies have addressed the effects of electron irradiation on these types of bacteria. For example, at doses up to 2.5 kGy survival of Salmonella typhi decreases by 99% under the influence of electron irradiation from a linear accelerator with an energy of 6 MeV [3]. Survival of Staphylococcus intermedius decreases by 99% at doses up to 5 kGy [3].…”