“…The evaluation of the algorithms' performance included metrics such as the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), area under the curve (AUC), accuracy rate (ACC), and F1-score (F1). For wavelength predictions (λ abs , λ em_mono , λ em_agg ), four regression ML algorithms were selected: RF, KNN, GBR, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression algorithms, which were all adopted in the prediction of wavelengths in recent reports [55,56]. Pearson correlation coefficient (r), mean relative error (MRE), and mean absolute error (MAE) were used to evaluate the algorithms' performances.…”