Application of a Polypyrrole Sensor Array Integrated into a Smart Electronic Tongue for the Discrimination of Milk Adulterated with Sucrose

Abstract

This work presents the use of a smart electronic tongue for discriminating adulterated milk samples with various concentrations of sucrose. The smart electronic tongue was integrated by a voltammetric sensor array from polypyrrole doped with various doping agents, a portable multi-potentiostat controlled by a smartphone with an Android application. Sucrose concentrations ranging from 1% to 20% were used to adulterate the tested samples. The sensor array was optimized to perform measurements on milk while maintaining good performance in terms of stability and signal quality. The sensor array was prepared by chronoamperometric electropolymerization of pyrrole with different doping agents, varying polymerization time (from 50 to 300 s), and concentration of monomer (from 0.10 to 0.40 M) and doping agent (from 0.05 to 0.30 M). The optimization process results demonstrated that the parameters polymerization time, monomer concentration, and doping agent concentration affect the stability of the signals in the sensors, allowing for the establishment of adequate conditions to guarantee maximum stability through an experimental design. Thus, values of 0.10 M for monomer concentration, 0.05 to 0.10 M for doping agent concentration, and 50 to 70 s for polymerization time were established. The measurements taken with the smart electronic tongue on the milk samples allowed a principal component analysis to classify the samples in the plane of the first two principal components. Principal components 1 and 2 registered a variance of 93.39% (78.68% and 14.71%, respectively), indicating a high degree of information registered by the sensor array. It could be concluded that the array of optimized polypyrrole sensors allows sufficient information to be recorded through measurements made with the smart electronic tongue to discriminate adulterated milk samples with different sucrose concentrations.

Development of Optical Fiber Sensor for Water Salinity Detection

“…Precise and continuous measurement of water salinity is essential for effective water resource management and ensuring optimal conditions for various applications. However, conventional sensors are affected by electromagnetic interference, radio frequency interference, and real-time monitoring may also poses potential risks, such as short circuits when used in an aqueous environment (Arrieta, Barrera and Mendoza, 2023;Abuzairi et al 2022;Hardi and Rahman 2020).…”