“…With the rapid development of big data and artificial intelligence technology in recent years, deep learning algorithms such as big data statistical analysis (Sekiya et al, 2022;Wu et al, 2022), BP neural network (Zhou et al, 2015;Cachim and Bezuijen, 2019;Wang et al, 2022a), genetic algorithm (GA) (Ahangari et al, 2015), support vector machine (SVM) (Wang et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2022b), random forest (RF) (Zhou et al, 2017;Ge et al, 2022), particle swarm optimization (PSO) (Liu et al, 2018;Elbaz et al, 2022) have been applied in the prediction of shield tunneling parameters. The rudiment of the concept of deep learning is the deep belief network (DBN) proposed by Hinton in 2006.…”