Application of a low-cost water level circuit for an accurate pulse detection of a tipping-bucket rain gauge as an alternative method for reed switch sensors

Tabada, Manuel T.; Loretero, Michael E.

doi:10.1007/s10661-019-7459-3

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Another common water level sensor is the switch-type sensor using the concept of electrical conductivity of water. The one presented by [16] uses two contacts as impedance measurement probes. If the fluid level touches the two probes, low impedance will be attained by the sensor.…”

Section: The Contact-type Water Level Detectormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The potentiometer type TBRG presented by [15] also has rotary problems when exposed to dust or rust. A two-wire electronic sensing technique for the TBRG was introduced [16] to address most of the stated problems. This method technically performs tip detection similar to that reed switch sensing process but using electronic contact sensing instead of magnetic components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Innovative Configuration Design of Two-Wire Tip Mechanisms for a Tipping-Bucket Rain Gauge

Tabada

Loretero

2020

Int. j. eng. technol. innov.

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This paper evaluates the measurement accuracy of the three designs of an innovative Tipping-Bucket Rain Gauge (TBRG) tip mechanism. A water-level detecting circuit is used to replace the conventional reed switch sensor, which addresses the disadvantages of the magnetic sensing method that became a factor in quantification uncertainties. The TBRG configuration designs were the bucket-feed, which detects the presence of water inside the bucket, and the bottom-feed and the center-feed, which use the tip-impact method in measuring rainfall. The constant flow method is used in the experimentation. The bucket-feed shows potential in precision rainfall measurement for having -3.84% and -2.68% accuracy errors at 6 mL/min and 11 mL/min respectively, without correction algorithm applied. The tip-impact application for the bottom-feed and the center-feed resulted in a higher error percentage from the volumetric flow samples. The result indicates that actual detection in the bucket brings more measurement accuracy than the tip-counting technique.

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Section: The Contact-type Water Level Detectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innovative Configuration Design of Two-Wire Tip Mechanisms for a Tipping-Bucket Rain Gauge

Tabada

Loretero

2020

Int. j. eng. technol. innov.

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“…A further gauge mechanism was described by Onacak & Yurur [64], again employing electronic solenoid valves to control the entry and drainage of water from a measuring system. Tabada & Loretero [65] proposed a solid-state electronic alternative to the use of reed switches, activated by moving magnets, to reliably detect bucket tip events. While offering high precision and greater sensitivity, none of these complex electro-mechanical alternatives to the conventional TBRG appears to have found application in the routine recording of rainfall intensity.…”

Section: Tipping Bucket Gauges and Related Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recording Rainfall Intensity: Has an Optimum Method Been Found?

Dunkerley

2023

Water

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Many design principles for rain gauges that have the capacity to record rainfall intensity have been proposed or developed. These are here grouped into 15 categories, and the abilities and limitations of each are discussed. No standard or optimum method has emerged, despite more than 80 years of effort in the last two centuries, together with prior work from the 17th C onwards. Indeed, new methods continue to be explored for both point-based and area-wide collections of intensity data. Examples include the use of signal attenuation by rain along the tower-to-tower links of cellular phone networks, monitoring the speed of vehicle windscreen wipers, and exploiting the sound or vision from security and traffic-monitoring cameras. Many of these approaches have the potential to provide vastly more observation sites than conventional meteorological stations equipped with rain gauges. Some of these contemporary approaches seek to harness the potential of crowdsourced or citizen-science data. It is hoped that the present overview of methods will provide a guide for those wishing to collect or analyses rainfall intensity data for application in areas such as soil erosion processes, ecohydrology, agrochemical washoff, or urban flash flooding. Because rainfall intensity is one of the key aspects of the hydrologic cycle likely to respond as climate change and variability proceed, the choice of appropriate data collection methods has additional contemporary importance for the monitoring of regional and global precipitation changes.

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“…This involves rain being collected and funneled into a lever-like container. When one side fills, it tips to the other side draining all of the water it has collected and activating a switch (van Iersel et al, 2013;Tabada and Loretero, 2019). The number of times the switch is activated can be counted to calculate the amount of rainfall (van Iersel et al, 2013;Tabada and Loretero, 2019).…”

Section: Rainmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of agroforestry, precision agriculture, and precision livestock farming—The case for a data-driven agroforestry strategy

et al. 2022

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Agroforestry can be defined as an agroecosystem whereby soil is used holistically and synergistically by various stakeholders including farmers, livestock, and plants. As such, agroforestry offers numerous benefits that include conservation of biodiversity, regulation of pests and diseases, increased quality of soil, air and water, efficient cycling of nutrients, and resilience to climate change. Review of published studies in agroforestry shows however that research in this area could benefit from increased real-time, spatial and temporal measurements. This situation is to be contrasted with that of precision agriculture in monocultures and precision livestock farming where progress made in sensor systems has attracted considerable research interest. It is advocated in this review article that wireless sensor networks could also significantly impact agroforestry through the monitoring of the local real-time interactions that occur between the various components constituting agroforestry systems. This review article proposes therefore the new field of data-driven agroforestry which lies at the intersection of precision agriculture, precision livestock farming, permaculture, and agroforestry. Data-driven agroforestry has the potential to not only help farmers harness the interactions between the different components of an agroforestry system to their advantage but also shine light on fundamental interactions between soil, plants, trees, and livestock while offering a sustainable agricultural method beneficial to all agroforestry stakeholders.

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Application of a low-cost water level circuit for an accurate pulse detection of a tipping-bucket rain gauge as an alternative method for reed switch sensors

Cited by 6 publications

References 18 publications

Innovative Configuration Design of Two-Wire Tip Mechanisms for a Tipping-Bucket Rain Gauge

Innovative Configuration Design of Two-Wire Tip Mechanisms for a Tipping-Bucket Rain Gauge

Recording Rainfall Intensity: Has an Optimum Method Been Found?

A review of agroforestry, precision agriculture, and precision livestock farming—The case for a data-driven agroforestry strategy

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