Application Assessment of Pumped Storage and Lithium-Ion Batteries on Electricity Supply Grid

Abstract

National electricity supply utility in South Africa (Eskom) has been facing challenges to meet load demands in the country. The lack of generation equipment maintenance, increasing load demand and lack of new generation stations has left the country with a shortage of electricity supply that leads to load shedding. As a result, alternative renewable energy is required to supplement the national grid. Photovoltaic (PV) solar generation and wind farms are leading in this regard. Sunlight fluctuates throughout the day, thereby causing irradiation which in turn causes the output of the PV plant to become unstable and unreliable. As a result, storage facilities are required to mitigate challenges that come with the integration of PV into the grid or the use of PV independently, off the grid. The same storage system can also be used to supplement the power supply at night time when there is no sunlight and/or during peak hours when the demand is high. Although storage facilities are already in existence, it is important to research their range, applications, highlight new technologies and identify the best economical solution based on present and future plans. The study investigated an improved economic and technical storage system for generation of clean energy systems using solar/PV plants as the base to supplement the grid. In addition, the research aims to provide utilities with the information required for making storage facilities available with an emphasis on capital cost, implementation, operation and maintenance costs. The study solution is expected to be economical and technically proficient in terms of PV output stabilization and provision of extra capacity during peak times. The research technology’s focus includes different storage batteries, pumped storage and other forms of storage such as supercapacitors. The analysis or simulations were carried out using current analytic methods and software, such as HOMER Pro®. The end results provide the power utility in South Africa and abroad with options for energy storage facilities that could stabilise output demand, increase generation capacity and provide backup power. Consumers would have access to power most of the time, thereby reducing generation constraints and eventually the monthly cost of electricity due to renewable energies’ accessibility. Increased access to electricity will contribute to socio-economic development in the country. The proposed solution is environmentally friendly and would alleviate the present crisis of load shedding due to the imbalance of high demand to lower generations.

Decisions in Power Supply Chain with Emission Reduction Effort of Coal-Fired Power Plant under the Power Market Reform

“…Discussions under asymmetric information could be made in further research. Second, as the security and optimal operation of a power network system is important in modern power systems which has been a concern of previous researches [52,53], it also should be studied in our future research. Third, this paper supposes all decisions are static, which can be considered in multi-period for future research.…”

Research on a Novel Hybrid Power Supply Scheme with Energy Storage Technology for Tokamak

“…For power supplies, the economic assessment is analyzed in [42] to formulate a planning approach for the off-grid power supply system using a combination of experts' assessment and system optimization study; and other researches are referred to [43,44]. As to the energy storage, the cost of battery energy storage is studied in [45,46], and various forms of energy storage are compared in [47,48]. The economic assessment for rest parts of the power system is as follows: [49][50][51] concretely illustrated the cost of transformers; [52,53] gave reference of power transformer substations.…”

Control Strategy of the Pumped Storage Unit to Deal with the Fluctuation of Wind and Photovoltaic Power in Microgrid

“…For example, wind [7,8] and solar [9,10] technologies based on renewable energy are affected by uncertain loads, and the specific power output depends on environmental conditions. The application of pumped storage unit [11,12] absorbs the excess electricity of wind and photovoltaic power in the form of water storage, so as to release the output at the peak of price, so as to obtain higher income to offset the higher upfront investment cost. At the same time, it also provides an ideal way for the absorption of wind power, photovoltaic, and other renewable energies.…”