Application and Properties of CL‐20/HMX Cocrystal in Composite Modified Double Base Propellants

Wu, Zhigang; Liu, Ning; Zheng, Wei; Chen, Junbo; Song, Xiuduo; Cui, Chang; Zhang, Dongxiang; Zhao, Fengqi

doi:10.1002/prep.201900245

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“… 1 In order to improve its energy performance to achieve a higher destructive effect, the main approach is through the addition of a high-energy solid explosive. 2 CL-20 (hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane) is one of the most attractive high energy density compound with promising applications in the fields of propellants and explosives. 3 It is expected to improve the specific impulse, detonation pressure, and detonation velocity properties of munitions owing to its unique highly strained molecular cage structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safe Fabrication, Thermal Decomposition Kinetics, and Mechanism of Nanoenergetic Composite NBC/CL-20

Chen

Liu

2020

ACS Omega

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Benefiting from the sol−gel technology and vacuum freeze-drying technology, a novel nanoenergetic composite material nitrated bacterial cellulose (NBC)/CL-20 (hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane) has been fabricated. The thermal decomposition kinetic and mechanism have been studied by thermogravimetric analysis−differential scanning calorimetry (TG−DSC) under nonisothermal conditions in a nitrogen atmosphere at multiple heating rates; the process and mechanism of thermal decomposition of NBC/CL-20 1:1 have also been probed by TG−DSC−IR. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, such as activation energy (E a ), per-exponent factor (ln A K ), rate constant (k), activation heat (ΔH ⧧ ), activation free energy (ΔG ⧧ ), and activation entropy (ΔS ⧧ ) are calculated. The results indicate that NBC/CL-20 presents much lower activation energy than both of raw NBC and raw NC, and NBC/CL-20 1:1 exhibits superior thermal performance of heat release and E a . Moreover, there the existence mechanism has also been probed between NBC and CL-20 during the process of thermal decomposition. The structure and composition have been characterized by a series of characterization methods and indicate that CL-20 has been embedded homogenously in the NBC gel matrix with a prominent porous cross-linked network structure. The impact and friction sensitivities have also been decreased. The whole process effectively avoids high temperatures, and thus ensures operational safety.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safe Fabrication, Thermal Decomposition Kinetics, and Mechanism of Nanoenergetic Composite NBC/CL-20

Chen

Liu

2020

ACS Omega

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“…23b The Navy has produced DINA on large scales for flashless gun propellant, and more recent work has demonstrated that DINA can be employed successfully in CL-20- and HMX-based double-base rocket propellants. 24 …”

Section: Nitric Ester Propellantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Short Review of Nitric Esters and Their Role in Energetic Materials

Sabatini

Johnson

2021

ACS Omega

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A review of energetic materials based on the nitric ester functionality is presented. Examined are materials that are classified as primary explosives, pressable secondary explosives, melt-castable secondary explosives, and rocket- and gun-propellant materials. Disclosed are the molecular structures, physical properties, performances, and sensitivities of the most important legacy nitric esters, as well as the relevant new materials developed within the past several years. Where necessary, discussions of the synthetic protocols to synthesize these materials are also presented.

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“…CL-20 excels compared to the other high-energy explosive materials such as HMX, RDX, PETN, etc. CL-20 is viewed as a potential component of solid propellants [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ] and composite explosives [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. Despite the merits of CL-20, its wide application is hindered by its high manufacturing cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acid-Catalyzed Condensation of Benzamide with Glyoxal, and Reaction Features

et al. 2022

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Scholars from around the world have been attempting to simplify and cheapen the synthetic method for the promising high-energy compound CL-20 for decades. The lack of understanding of the formation mechanisms of hexaazaisowurtzitane derivatives―CL-20 precursors―is a barrier to solving the said problems. Here, we report the results from an in-depth study into the acid-catalyzed condensation between benzamide and glyoxal in a molar ratio of 2:1 in polar protic and aprotic solvents. Sixteen compounds were isolated and identified, of which eight were synthesized for the first time. A geminal diol, N,N’-(2,2-dihydroxyethane-1,1-diyl)dibenzamide, was synthesized. Two isomers of 1,2-bis(benzoylamino)-1,2-ethanediol were isolated and identified. N,N’-(1-oxoethane-1,2-diyl)dibenzamide and 2-oxo-2-[(phenylcarbonyl)amino]ethyl benzoate were produced that were likely formed due to the 1,2-hydride shift. N-polysubstituted 1,4-dioxane-2,3,5,6-tetramine was synthesized for the first time, whose structure may be of interest as a scaffold for new explosives. DMSO, THF and HCOOH were found to be able to engage in a reaction with benzamide, or condensation products thereof, and glyoxal under acid-catalyzed conditions.

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Application and Properties of CL‐20/HMX Cocrystal in Composite Modified Double Base Propellants

Cited by 25 publications

References 26 publications

Safe Fabrication, Thermal Decomposition Kinetics, and Mechanism of Nanoenergetic Composite NBC/CL-20

Safe Fabrication, Thermal Decomposition Kinetics, and Mechanism of Nanoenergetic Composite NBC/CL-20

A Short Review of Nitric Esters and Their Role in Energetic Materials

Acid-Catalyzed Condensation of Benzamide with Glyoxal, and Reaction Features

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