Applicable scope of oxygen-reduced air flooding and the limit of oxygen content

Liao, Guangzhi; Yang, Hongbin; Jiang, Youwei; Ren, Shaoran; Li, Dangguo; Wang, Liangang; Wang, Zhengmao; Wang, Bojun; Liu, Weidong

doi:10.1016/s1876-3804(18)30010-7

Cited by 39 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…As an efficient and environmentally friendly EOR method, gas flooding has some obvious technical advantages over water flooding and is especially suitable for low‐permeability oil reservoirs (M. Wang et al, 2021; Wei, Pu, Sun, Pu, et al, 2018). The most available gas sources used for EOR include CO 2 , natural gas, N 2 , and air (Hurtado et al, 2018; Janssen et al, 2018; Khalaf & Mansoori, 2019; Lang et al, 2020; Liao et al, 2018; Liu et al, 2017; Luo et al, 2017). Natural gas injection is firstly and mostly applied for pressure maintenance and energy supply in remote oilfields, where the produced natural gas can be reinjected into the oil reservoir (Lashgari et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stabilization of natural gas foams using different surfactants at high pressure and high temperature conditions

Bi¹,

Zhang

et al. 2021

J Surfact & Detergents

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Natural gas foam can be used for mobility control and channel blocking during natural gas injection for enhanced oil recovery, in which stable foams need to be used at high reservoir temperature, high pressure and high water salinity conditions in field applications. In this study, the performance of methane (CH 4 ) foams stabilized by different types of surfactants was tested using a high pressure and high temperature foam meter for surfactant screening and selection, including anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate), non-anionic surfactant (alkyl polyglycoside), zwitterionic surfactant (dodecyl dimethyl betaine) and cationic surfactant (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), and the results show that CH 4 -SDS foam has much better performance than that of the other three surfactants. The influences of gas types (CH 4 , N 2 , and CO 2 ), surfactant concentration, temperature (up to 110 C), pressure (up to 12.0 MPa), and the presence of polymers as foam stabilizer on foam performance was also evaluated using SDS surfactant. The experimental results show that the stability of CH 4 foam is better than that of CO 2 foam, while N 2 foam is the most stable, and CO 2 foam has the largest foam volume, which can be attributed to the strong interactions between CO 2 molecules with H 2 O. The foaming ability and foam stability increase with the increase of the SDS concentration up to 1.0 wt% (0.035 mol/L), but a further increase of the surfactant concentration has a negative effect. The high temperature can greatly reduce the stability of CH 4 -SDS foam, while the foaming ability and foam stability can be significantly enhanced at high pressure. The addition of a small amount of polyacrylamide as a foam stabilizer can significantly increase the viscosity of the bulk solution and improve the foam stability, and the higher the molecular weight of the polymer, the higher viscosity of the foam liquid film, the better foam performance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stabilization of natural gas foams using different surfactants at high pressure and high temperature conditions

Bi¹,

Zhang

et al. 2021

J Surfact & Detergents

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“…Therefore, to improve the oil recovery from tight fractured reservoirs, it is vital to determine the optimal gas channel plugging systems for different injection methods and to elucidate the gas channeling mechanisms. 13−16 Liao et al 17 suggested that the mechanism for flooding with oxygen-reduced air to enhance oil recovery depends on reservoir conditions, which mainly include increasing reservoir pressure and reducing viscosity to enable dissolved gas flooding. In addition, researchers studied the oxidation characteristics over the full temperature domain and concluded that the critical oxygen content was controlled to within 10%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of an Oxygen-Reduced Air Flooding Plugging System and Its Injection Method in the Honghe Oilfield

et al. 2022

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Oil recovery in a pilot test of gas flooding in the Honghe oilfield was greatly affected by the presence of fractures of various scales and the limited effect of a single plugging system. To elucidate the gas channeling behavior and identify the optimal injection method of oxygen-reduced air flooding in fractured tight oil reservoirs, foam and gel systems were selected to plug small and large fractures, respectively. Various methods of injecting oxygen-reduced air were studied through parallel core flooding tests to compare the gas channeling characteristics and changes in oil recovery during different plugging and displacement processes. Experimental methods including Waring blender, scanning electron microscopy, temperature resistance evaluation, and plugging performance and core flow evaluation were used in this study. The experimental results showed that the optimized FC-2 foam had the best foaming ability and half-life for the gas/liquid ratio of 1:1 and the mass fraction of 0.3%. In addition, the prepared gel had a complex and dense three-dimensional network structure, and the plugging rate was 98.17%. Finally, a displacement experiment showed that the combination of water, gel, FC-2 foam plugging system, and 5% oxygen-reduced air had the best plugging effect and gave the highest oil recovery. Compared with injecting oxygen-reduced air only, oil recovery from the small fracture core, large fracture core, and parallel core were improved by 19.71, 14.66, and 17.53%, respectively.

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“…To apply and promote the ORAF technique, it is important and worth investigating the explosion characteristics of flammable gases in oxygen-reduced air at high pressures . Ren et al have carried out explosion tests of methane–inert gas (CO 2 /N 2 )–air mixtures at 293 K and 0.4 MPa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To apply and promote the ORAF technique, it is important and worth investigating the explosion characteristics of flammable gases in oxygen-reduced air at high pressures. 12 Ren et al have carried out explosion tests of methane−inert gas (CO 2 /N 2 )−air mixtures at 293 K and 0.4 MPa. It was found that with the increase of inert components in the mixed gas, the UFL decreased significantly, and the LFL slowly increased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flammability and Explosion Characteristics of Methane in Oxygen-Reduced Air and Its Application in Air Injection IOR Process

et al. 2019

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Air injection into oil reservoirs has been widely applied in oilfields for improved oil recovery, while the safety of the process is of great concern due to the explosion of the mixtures of natural gas (mainly methane) and injected air at high pressure and high temperature. Oxygen-reduced air flooding (ORAF) has been proposed to eliminate the explosion risks. The combustion and flammability characteristics of methane–air mixtures at elevated pressure and temperature are also important for natural gas engines and air compressors. In this study, an experimental setup was used to measure the flammability limits and explosion energy of methane in oxygen-reduced air (ORA) at pressures up to 15 MPa and 373 K and compared with methane–air mixtures. The experimental results show that the flammability limits of methane in ORA can be significantly reduced or narrowed, which can reduce explosion risks. At high pressures, the low flammability limit of methane in ORA is reduced, and its upper flammability limit is increased, which follows a similar pattern with methane–air mixtures. The explosion energy of methane in ORA can be also greatly reduced due to the lack of oxygen. Finally, the explosion risks in applying the ORAF technique for improved oil recovery have been analyzed.

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Applicable scope of oxygen-reduced air flooding and the limit of oxygen content

Cited by 39 publications

References 6 publications

Stabilization of natural gas foams using different surfactants at high pressure and high temperature conditions

Stabilization of natural gas foams using different surfactants at high pressure and high temperature conditions

Evaluation of an Oxygen-Reduced Air Flooding Plugging System and Its Injection Method in the Honghe Oilfield

Flammability and Explosion Characteristics of Methane in Oxygen-Reduced Air and Its Application in Air Injection IOR Process

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