Based on SPME‐GC‐MS analysis, it could be found that the production of acetic acid, phenethyl acetate, and isoamyl acetate gradually increased in the apple vinegar fermentation broth with the fermentation time. Consequently, in order to systematically explore the dynamic changes of microbial diversity and metabolites in the process of apple vinegar fermentation, 16S rDNA were sequenced and analyzed in this work. The present results showed that bacterial diversity was rich and exhibited a certain variation during the dynamic fermentation process of apple vinegar. Furthermore,
Lactococcus
and
Oenococcus
were the predominant bacteria in the pre‐fermentation (alcoholic fermentation) of apple vinegar, while the dominant bacteria in the middle and late fermentation stages (acetic acid fermentation) were
Lactococcus
and
Acetobacter
. In addition, during the whole fermentation process of apple vinegar,
Lactococcus
was the most dominant bacteria,
Oenococcus
was the unique species in the stage of alcohol fermentation, and
Acetobacter
increased rapidly in the stage of acetic acid fermentation. In conclusion, our finding provided a theoretical basis for the processing technology of apple vinegar fermentation, and a theory evidence for the safety and health assessment of apple vinegar.