Applicability of butler’s equation in interpreting the thermodynamic behavior of surfaces and adsorption in Fe-S-O melts

The aim of the current research is the experimental investigation of the mass median particle size d 50 as a function of surface tension for liquid Cr-Mn-Ni steel alloy with 16% Cr, 7% Mn, and 9% Ni. To modify the liquid steel design sulfur was add to the Cr-Mn-Ni steel in five steps up to a 1000 mass ppm. The surface tension of the liquid steel alloy was measured using maximum bubble pressure method and yttria stabilized capillary in a temperature range from 1701 to 1881 K. In addition, the same steel charges were sprayed to steel powder using a vacuum inert gas atomization using pure argon gas. The increase of sulfur in Cr-Mn-Ni steel will decrease the surface tension to 0.91 N m À1 . The temperature coefficient of surface tension is positive for all investigated Cr-Mn-Ni alloys due to a sulfur content !100 mass ppm. The final mass median particle size d 50 decreases from 54.3 mm for AISI 304 reference steel alloy to 17.1 mm for Cr-Mn-Ni steel alloy (16-7-9 S10) with the highest sulfur content and the lowest surface tension of all investigated liquid steels. It is concluded from the present work that surface tension is the decisive factor in adjusting d 50 at a constant spraying parameters.

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“…[16][17][18][19][20] The Gibbs adsorption isotherm (Eq. 6) and the empirical formula of Szyszkowski [21] (Eq.…”

Section: Surface Tensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Surface Tension on Gas Atomization of a CrMnNi Steel Alloy

Dubberstein

Heller

2013

steel research int.

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“…Many researchers including the authors have shown that the surface tension of liquid alloys can be predicted by Butler's model using thermodynamic database within experimental errors. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Using Butler's model, the temperature coefficient of surface tension (d'=dT) for liquid alloys can also be obtained by calculating the surface tension with changing temperature at a fixed composition. Generally, the temperature coefficients of liquid metals and alloys are negative.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Tension and its Temperature Coefficient of Liquid Sn-X (X=Ag, Cu) Alloys

2004

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The surface tension of liquid Sn-X (X=Ag, Cu) alloys was measured by the constrained drop method in the temperatures between 700 and 1500 K across whole composition range. Surface tension of the alloys increased with the content of Ag and Cu, and the temperature coefficient of the surface tension (d'=dT) had both positive and negative values. Experimental results were compared with the calculated results based on Butler's model. The calculated results reasonably accorded with the measurements. The effect of thermo-physical parameters on the surface tension and the temperature coefficient were examined using the model. It was found that the temperature coefficient increases as the difference in the surface tension of component metals or the excess free energy increases in the high composition range of the component metal having higher surface tension, because of the surface enhancement of the other component metal.

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“…They, however, ignored interactions or extrapolated thermodynamic data of interactions for dilute solutions to high content regions, although the surface may be highly occupied by sulfur and oxygen. Recently, Hajra and Divakar 10) have explained the surface tension of the liquid Fe-S-O system based on the modified Butler's equations. However, this model still uses the first order interaction coefficients of dilute solutions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Surface Tension and Adsorption for Liquid Fe-S Alloys.

Lee

Morita

2002

ISIJ International

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Surface tension of liquid iron is strongly influenced by the adsorption of sulfur. In this study, surface tensions of liquid Fe-S alloys at 1 823 K were measured by the sessile drop technique in a purified argon atmosphere. Experimental results were compared with the model based on Butler's equations considering the effect of size and interactions of the adsorbed elements assuming that the system was composed of Fe-"FeS" binary. The model could evaluate the surface tension and the adsorption of sulfur more reasonably rather than a simple ideal adsorption model. In the calculations, excess free energy expanded by Margules' series over the entire composition range of Fe-FeS system was used.

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Applicability of butler’s equation in interpreting the thermodynamic behavior of surfaces and adsorption in Fe-S-O melts

Cited by 22 publications

References 6 publications

Effect of Surface Tension on Gas Atomization of a CrMnNi Steel Alloy

Effect of Surface Tension on Gas Atomization of a CrMnNi Steel Alloy

Surface Tension and its Temperature Coefficient of Liquid Sn-X (X=Ag, Cu) Alloys

Evaluation of Surface Tension and Adsorption for Liquid Fe-S Alloys.

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