“…Power flow analysis is employed to ascertain load distribution, voltage stability, line power losses, and flow distribution of components such as generators, transformers, and transmission lines within the power system (Guoqing et al, 2017;Pengfei, 2022), plays a crucial role in microgrid planning, stability calculations, and fault analysis (Bajpai, 2023;Heidary et al, 2023;Huang et al, 2023;Li et al, 2023). Currently, commonly used power flow calculation methods for AC/DC microgrids include the unified iteration method (UIM) and the alternate iteration method (Nejabatkhah et al, 2019;Song et al, 2023). The alternate iteration method separately solves power flow for AC and DC subsystems, providing fast calculation speeds but relatively lower convergence accuracy.…”