Apple Peel Flavonoid Fraction 4 Suppresses Breast Cancer Cell Growth by Cytostatic and Cytotoxic Mechanisms

Loung, Chao-Yu; Fernando, Wasundara; Rupasinghe, H.P. Vasantha

doi:10.3390/molecules24183335

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…The biological effects of apple phenolic compounds are also of interest. Flavonoids extracted from apple peel were implicated in the suppression of breast cancer and the growth of carcinogenic cells in the bronchi [George & Rupasinghe, 2017;Loung et al, 2019]. In turn, Zielińska et al [2019] proved the potential benefits of apple-derived polyphenols in modulating inflammation at the intestinal level.…”

Section: Apple Phenolic Compounds -The Biological Effectsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Phenolic Compounds from Apples: Reviewing their Occurrence, Absorption, Bioavailability, Processing, and Antioxidant Activity – a Review

Starowicz¹,

Piskuła²,

Achrem–Achremowicz³

et al. 2020

Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci.

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and high environmental pollution. The consumption of fruits and vegetables is highly recommended to support the body in this respect. The main antioxidants found in fruits and vegetables are A, E, and C vitamins; β-carotene; lycopene; and a diverse group of compounds named phenolics. Therefore, it is hard to select one specific compound responsible for health benefits. That is why, Ohr [2004] stated that "scientists are currently studying how mixtures of antioxidants … work together. They are looking for synergistic effects among individual antioxidants." The most important group of antioxidants is the phenolic compounds (Figure 1). They are organic chemical compounds with at least one phenol unit, represented by, i.a., tannins (hydrolysable and condensed), flavonoids, and lignans. Phenolic compounds can be found in a variety of plant species. Their high content is correlated with antioxidant activity, which decreases the risk of coronary disease and protects against neurodegeneration [Giacalone et al., 2015]. The positive effect of flavonoids on memory improvement was also studied [Whyte & Williams, 2011]. Of 12 epidemiological surveys about coronary heart disease risk assessment compared by Arts & Hollman [2005], seven demonstrated the protective effects of a diet enriched with polyphenols. An inverse relationship has also been determined between poly

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Section: Apple Phenolic Compounds -The Biological Effectsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Phenolic Compounds from Apples: Reviewing their Occurrence, Absorption, Bioavailability, Processing, and Antioxidant Activity – a Review

Starowicz¹,

Piskuła²,

Achrem–Achremowicz³

et al. 2020

Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci.

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“…Many herbal extracts and their derivatives have been used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases, including viral infections [ 80 ]. The positive effects of natural plant-derived flavonoids on neurodegenerative disorders [ 81 ], type-2 diabetes [ 82 ], atherosclerosis [ 83 ], cardiovascular diseases [ 84 , 85 ], and cancer [ 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 ] are well known. A broad variety of antiviral effects of flavonoids have also been reported for many viruses, such as polio, astrovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, type 3 parainfluenza virus (PIV-3), and type A influenza virus (Flu A) [ 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 ].…”

Section: Flavonoids and Their Effect On Sars-covmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Silico Evaluation of Natural Flavonoids as a Potential Inhibitor of Coronavirus Disease

et al. 2022

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The recent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China, has led to millions of infections and the death of approximately one million people. No targeted therapeutics are currently available, and only a few efficient treatment options are accessible. Many researchers are investigating active compounds from natural plant sources that may inhibit COVID-19 proliferation. Flavonoids are generally present in our diet, as well as traditional medicines and are effective against various diseases. Thus, here, we reviewed the potential of flavonoids against crucial proteins involved in the coronavirus infectious cycle. The fundamentals of coronaviruses, the structures of SARS-CoV-2, and the mechanism of its entry into the host’s body have also been discussed. In silico studies have been successfully employed to study the interaction of flavonoids against COVID-19 Mpro, spike protein PLpro, and other interactive sites for its possible inhibition. Recent studies showed that many flavonoids such as hesperidin, amentoflavone, rutin, diosmin, apiin, and many other flavonoids have a higher affinity with Mpro and lower binding energy than currently used drugs such as hydroxylchloroquine, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and lopinavir. Thus, these compounds can be developed as specific therapeutic agents against COVID-19, but need further in vitro and in vivo studies to validate these compounds and pave the way for drug discovery.

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“…Consequently, targeting the migration ability of breast cancer cells could provide a critical breakthrough in the development of potent chemotherapeutic drugs. Some studies have further investigated the effects of flavonoids on migration of the cell lines which is an integral characteristic of malignant tumour cells using in vitro tests such as Scrape wound healing assay (Sotillo et al, 2021), AP 48 chamber system to assess vertical migration and Oris™ cell migration assay (Xiong et al, 2021), Gap closure and transwell migration assay (Loung et al, 2019). A similar effect of inhibition of migration of the malignant cell lines was observed in these studies.…”

Section: Inhibition Of Migration and Invasion (Anti-metastasis)mentioning

confidence: 55%

Molecular mechanisms of flavonoids and their modulatory effects against breast cancer: A scoping review

Murithi

Wambugu²,

Nyanjom

et al. 2022

F1000Res

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Background: Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among women. It is a disease whose incidence and mortality rates are on the upsurge globally. Debilitating effects, cost and resistance to available chemotherapeutic interventions render them unideal. Dietary phytochemicals have been shown to have preventive and therapeutic effects. Research continues to affirm the role of flavonoids as potential chemotherapeutic agents in combating the disease. Understanding modulation of key cellular signalling pathways by flavonoids presents promising molecular targets that may be leveraged to develop better chemotherapeutic agents for breast cancer. Methods: To describe the in vitro and in vivo modulatory effects of flavonoids on molecular anti-cancer mechanisms we searched three databases. We included original articles describing modulation of cell signalling processes such as; cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, angiogenesis, invasion and migration which are involved in tumorigenesis. The search guidelines such as; year of publication, search strategy, study design and language informed article selection. Results: Thirty-six articles were reviewed. Modulatory effects of six subclasses of flavonoids on breast cancer tumorigenic pathways were reported. The effects included enhanced apoptosis, attenuation of; angiogenesis, cell cycle, invasion, migration and metastasis. For instance, pectolinarigenin inhibited signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat3) signalling pathway in triple negative breast cancer. Whereas, sideritoflavone caused cell cycle arrest and inhibited migration in trastuzumab resistant breast cancer cells. Additionally, quercetin and ampelopsin inhibited stemness features in triple negative breast cancer cells. Conclusion: Evidently flavonoids showed significant modulatory effects on cellular signalling pathways crucial for breast cancer progression. The ability of flavonoids to act on a wide range of mechanisms as well as on aggressive breast cancer types presents an array of hope. We recommend that further studies be done to ascertain the applicability of these compounds in treatment of breast cancers.

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Apple Peel Flavonoid Fraction 4 Suppresses Breast Cancer Cell Growth by Cytostatic and Cytotoxic Mechanisms

Cited by 16 publications

References 36 publications

Phenolic Compounds from Apples: Reviewing their Occurrence, Absorption, Bioavailability, Processing, and Antioxidant Activity – a Review

Phenolic Compounds from Apples: Reviewing their Occurrence, Absorption, Bioavailability, Processing, and Antioxidant Activity – a Review

In Silico Evaluation of Natural Flavonoids as a Potential Inhibitor of Coronavirus Disease

Molecular mechanisms of flavonoids and their modulatory effects against breast cancer: A scoping review

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