Apple Fiber and Gum Arabic Lowers Total and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Men with Mild Hypercholesterolemia

Mee, Karen A.; Gee, David L.

doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00106-5

Cited by 28 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Unfortunately, they did not measure cholesterol distribution in different lipoprotein classes. Consumption of apple fiber had been shown to reduce blood cholesterol in humans [7] and rats [12,13]. Together with available reports in the literatures, apple contains at least two types of functional ingredients that could modify favorably plasma lipoproteins with fiber being mainly to reduce plasma TC while polyphenols being to model the ratio of LDL to HDL-C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Epidemiological studies showed an inverse relationship between apple consumption and various cancers, including lung [1,2], alimentary canal [3], breast, and ovary tumors [4]. Consumption of apple has also been associated inversely with cardiovascular diseases [5], diabetes [6], and hypercholesterolemia [7]. Apples are rich in phytochemicals, particularly carotenoids, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, and phenolic acids [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, most studies only investigated the effect of whole lyophilized apples [11,12], apple pectin [12,13], or apple fiber [7] on cholesterol level. There is no report to date on the hypocholesterolemic activity of apple polyphenols (AP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Apple polyphenols inhibit plasma CETP activity and reduce the ratio of non‐HDL to HDL cholesterol

Lam¹,

Zhang²,

Yu³

et al. 2008

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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Previous reports demonstrated that hypocholesterolemic activity of apple was associated with its pectin and fiber. This report was to investigate the effect of apple polyphenols (AP) on blood cholesterol level and gene expression of cholesterol-regulating enzymes in Golden Syrian hamsters maintained on a 0.1% cholesterol diet. It was found that dietary supplementation of 0.3 or 0.6% of AP did not affect plasma total cholesterol (TC), but it increased HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and decreased non-HDL-C, thus leading to a lower ratio of non-HDL-C to HDL-C. Plasma total triacylglycerol (TG) level was also significantly reduced when hamsters were fed a diet supplemented with 0.6% AP. Western blot analysis did not find any effect of AP on sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP-2), LDL receptor (LDLR), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), and cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A). Most interesting was that supplementation of AP had no effect on protein abundance of plasma cholesteryl ester transport protein (CETP), but it suppressed plasma CETP activity. A series of in vitro assays confirmed that AP inhibited CETP in a dose dependent manner. It was concluded that AP favorably improved distribution of cholesterol in lipoproteins, most likely, by its inhibition on CETP activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Apple polyphenols inhibit plasma CETP activity and reduce the ratio of non‐HDL to HDL cholesterol

Lam¹,

Zhang²,

Yu³

et al. 2008

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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“…Thirteen randomised controlled trials were identified that presented evidence on isolated gums and gelling agents in relation to fasting blood lipids (Bell et al, 1990;Ryle et al, 1990;Landin et al, 1992;Vido et al, 1993;Mee & Gee, 1997;Pasman et al, 1997b;Panlasigui et al, 2003;Marett & Slavin, 2004;Lehtimaki et al, 2005;Schwab et al, 2006;Garcia et al, 2006;Wood et al, 2007;Reppas et al, 2009) Two trials could not be included in meta-analysis (Vido et al, 1993;Pasman et al, 1997b), but demonstrated no significant effect of fibre isolates and gum supplements on fasting blood lipids. One trial only provided data for fasting triacylglycerol concentration (Landin et al, 1992).…”

Section: Mixed Isolated Fibre Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macronutrients and type 1 diabetes (revision number 6)

Garden¹,

Paterson²

2014

Diapedia

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“…Apples and wine having been demonstrated to reduce plasma lipid levels and atherosclerosis progression (17)(18)(19), the objective of our study was to examine the potential role of polyphenols on the synthesis and secretion of intestinal lipoproteins using human enterocyte Caco-2/ TC7 cells (20). To get closer to physiology in analyzing intestinal lipid metabolism, Caco-2/TC7 cells were cultured on microporous filters that delineate the apical and basal compartments.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Apple procyanidins decrease cholesterol esterification and lipoprotein secretion in Caco-2/TC7 enterocytes

Vidal

Hernàndez-Vallejo

Pauquai

et al. 2005

Journal of Lipid Research

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Decrease of plasma lipid levels by polyphenols was linked to impairment of hepatic lipoprotein secretion. However, the intestine is the first epithelium that faces dietary compounds, and it contributes to lipid homeostasis by secreting triglyceride-rich lipoproteins during the postprandial state. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of apple and wine polyphenol extracts on lipoprotein synthesis and secretion in human Caco-2/TC7 enterocytes apically supplied with complex lipid micelles. Our results clearly demonstrate that apple, but not wine, polyphenol extract dose-dependently decreases the esterification of cholesterol and the enterocyte secretion of lipoproteins. Apple polyphenols decrease apolipoprotein B (apoB) secretion by inhibiting apoB synthesis without increasing the degradation of the newly synthesized protein. Under our conditions, cholesterol uptake, apoB mRNA, and microsomal triglyceride protein activity were not modified by apple polyphenols. The main monomers present in our mixture did not interfere with the intestinal lipid metabolism. By contrast, apple procyanidins reproduced the inhibition of both cholesteryl ester synthesis and lipoprotein secretion. Overall, our results are compatible with a mechanism of action of polyphenols resulting in impaired lipid availability that could induce the inhibition of intestinal lipoprotein secretion and contribute to the hypolipidemic effect of these compounds in vivo. Fruit and vegetable consumption is consistently associated with a decrease in lipemia along with a decrease in the risk for cardiovascular diseases and stroke, diabetes, and obesity (1-3). Such effects are attributed to dietary fibers and phenolic compounds. Polyphenols, which are abundant in fruits, vegetables, and beverages such as tea and red wine, are very heterogenous, and their main classes are defined from the nature of their carbon skeletons (4). Flavonoids, the most abundant polyphenols in our diet, can be divided into several classes: flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, anthocyanins, flavanols, procyanidins, and flavanones. The protective effect of flavonoids against cardiovascular diseases has been attributed to several mechanisms, including inhibition of LDL oxidation (5) and of platelet aggregation (6) and improved endothelial function (7). More recently, it has been shown that flavonoids could interfere with the synthesis and secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in hepatocytes (8-10).In addition to hepatocytes, enterocytes are able to synthesize intestine-specific TRLs, namely chylomicrons, the secretion of which ensures the delivery of dietary lipids to the body. TRLs are composed of a core of neutral lipids, mostly triglyceride (TG) but also cholesteryl esters, surrounded by a monolayer of amphipathic lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol. Apolipoprotein B (apoB) plays a major structural role in the assembly of TRLs and is required for their secretion. In humans, hepatic TRLs (i.e., VLDLs) contain an apoB-100 isoform, whereas intesti...

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Apple Fiber and Gum Arabic Lowers Total and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Men with Mild Hypercholesterolemia

Cited by 28 publications

References 12 publications

Apple polyphenols inhibit plasma CETP activity and reduce the ratio of non‐HDL to HDL cholesterol

Apple polyphenols inhibit plasma CETP activity and reduce the ratio of non‐HDL to HDL cholesterol

Macronutrients and type 1 diabetes (revision number 6)

Apple procyanidins decrease cholesterol esterification and lipoprotein secretion in Caco-2/TC7 enterocytes

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