Apple 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate Synthase in Complex with the Inhibitor l-Aminoethoxyvinylglycine

Capitani, Guido; McCarthy, Darla L.; Gut, H.; Grütter, Markus G.; Kirsch, Jack F.

doi:10.1074/jbc.m208427200

Cited by 49 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In addition, crystal structure studies of ACC synthases from apple and tomato provided atomic details to propose the chemical interactions of PLP and AVG in the active site of ACS enzymes (49 -51). A stable ketimine structure was formed by AVG interacting with PLP in the active site of ACC synthase and thus presented unfavorable catalytic sites to accommodate AdoMet as a substrate (49). The competitive inhibition by AVG should be partially reverted by increasing concentrations of PLP, and this is what we found by our in vitro activity assay (supplemental Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Identification of Novel Inhibitors of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid Synthase by Chemical Screening in Arabidopsis thaliana*

Lin

Hsu

Wang

2010

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Ethylene is a gaseous hormone important for adaptation and survival in plants. To further understand the signaling and regulatory network of ethylene, we used a phenotype-based screening strategy to identify chemical compounds interfering with the ethylene response in Arabidopsis thaliana. By screening a collection of 10,000 structurally diverse small molecules, we identified compounds suppressing the constitutive triple response phenotype in the ethylene overproducer mutant eto1-4. The compounds reduced the expression of a reporter gene responsive to ethylene and the otherwise elevated level of ethylene in eto1-4. Structure and function analysis revealed that the compounds contained a quinazolinone backbone. Further studies with genetic mutants and transgenic plants involved in the ethylene pathway showed that the compounds inhibited ethylene biosynthesis at the step of converting S-adenosylmethionine to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) by ACC synthase. Biochemical studies with in vitro activity assay and enzyme kinetics analysis indicated that a representative compound was an uncompetitive inhibitor of ACC synthase. Finally, global gene expression profiling uncovered a significant number of genes that were co-regulated by the compounds and aminoethoxyvinylglycine, a potent inhibitor of ACC synthase. The use of chemical screening is feasible in identifying small molecules modulating the ethylene response in Arabidopsis seedlings. The discovery of such chemical compounds will be useful in ethylene research and can offer potentially useful agrochemicals for quality improvement in post-harvest agriculture.Ethylene is an important gaseous phytohormone regulating plant growth and development in processes such as seed germination, root development, leaf and flower senescence, and fruit ripening and responds to a variety of stresses (1-4). Because of its versatile functions, ethylene has a critical role in adaptation and survival in plants. In the presence of ethylene, etiolated seedlings display photomorphogenesis, called the triple response phenotype, an exaggerated curvature of the apical hook, radial swelling of the hypocotyl, and shortening of the hypocotyl and root (5). The triple response phenotype has been successfully used to identify mutants defective in ethylene biosynthesis or response in Arabidopsis thaliana (5-8). Further studies of the ethylene mutants revealed the genetic hierarchy of key components in ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction in Arabidopsis (3, 9). Ethylene signaling is initiated by the interaction between the ethylene ligand and its receptors localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 2 membrane (10, 11). Binding of ethylene to the receptors inactivates a negative regulator, CTR1, that constitutively represses a positive regulator, EIN2 (12, 13). Ethylene receptors activate CTR1 to suppress EIN2 in the absence of ethylene and therefore function as negative regulators of the ethylene response (14, 15). A functional interaction among the ethylene receptors, CTR1 and EIN...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Identification of Novel Inhibitors of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid Synthase by Chemical Screening in Arabidopsis thaliana*

Lin

Hsu

Wang

2010

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…To determine whether increased ethylene production was leading to the partial triple response in dsrub lines, dsrub-1 seedlings were treated with aminoethoxyvinyl glycine hydrochloride (AVG), an inhibitor of ACS whose activity typically limits in vivo ethylene production (Capitani et al, 2002). This treatment completely abolished the triple response ( Figure 7G), strongly suggesting that the dsrub dark-grown phenotype resulted from increased ethylene production.…”

Section: Dsrub Seedlings Are Altered In Auxin Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Related to Ubiquitin 1 and 2 Are Redundant and Essential and Regulate Vegetative Growth, Auxin Signaling, and Ethylene Production in Arabidopsis

et al. 2004

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Related to Ubiquitin (RUB)/Nedd8 is a ubiquitin-like protein that covalently attaches to cullins, a subunit of the SCF (for Skp, Cdc53p/Cul1, and F-box protein) complex, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and has been shown to be required for robust function of the complex. The effects of reducing protein levels for two Rub proteins, RUB1 and RUB2, were characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana. T-DNA insertional null lines homozygous at a single RUB-encoding locus were analyzed and found to have a wild-type phenotype. A double mutant was never recovered. More than one-quarter of the progeny from the selffertilization of plants with a single functional RUB-encoding gene died as embryos at the two-cell stage. Outcrosses demonstrated reduced inheritance of the null allele from both the male and female parent. Hemigglutinin-tagged forms of RUB1 and RUB2 conjugate to the same cullin protein, CUL1, and produce the same conjugation pattern. To further understand the function of the RUB proteins, a construct designed to produce a double-stranded RUB1 mRNA was introduced into plants, and three lines with reduced levels of RUB1-and RUB2-encoding mRNA and RUB1/2 protein content were analyzed in detail. Mature plants were severely dwarfed, seedlings were insensitive to auxin in root assays, and darkgrown seedlings had a partial triple-response phenotype that was suppressed when seedlings were grown on ethylene perception or synthesis inhibitors. The dsrub lines produced threefold to fivefold more ethylene than the wild type. This study illustrates that RUB1 and RUB2 are genetically and biochemically redundant and demonstrates that RUB1/2 proteins are essential for early embryonic cell divisions and that they regulate diverse processes.

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“…AVG is an important ethylene inhibitor, and as an enzyme inhibitor, requires pyridoxal phosphate as an activator (CAPITANI et al, 2002) and can compromise the enzyme activities involved in some plant tissue defense mechanisms, increasing the disease intensity, as occurred in this research with GLS. Ethylene can functions as a signal in many biotic and abiotic stress situations and pathogen-plant interactions (BLEECKER & KENDE, 2000).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethylene inhibitor aminoethoxyvinilglycine on glomerella leaf spot in apple cultivar 'Royal Gala'

et al. 2011

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Apple 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate Synthase in Complex with the Inhibitor l-Aminoethoxyvinylglycine

Cited by 49 publications

References 20 publications

Identification of Novel Inhibitors of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid Synthase by Chemical Screening in Arabidopsis thaliana*

Identification of Novel Inhibitors of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid Synthase by Chemical Screening in Arabidopsis thaliana*

Related to Ubiquitin 1 and 2 Are Redundant and Essential and Regulate Vegetative Growth, Auxin Signaling, and Ethylene Production in Arabidopsis

Ethylene inhibitor aminoethoxyvinilglycine on glomerella leaf spot in apple cultivar 'Royal Gala'

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