Appetitively conditioned and drive-related bioelectric baseline shift in cat cortex

Rowland, Vernon; Goldstone, Murray

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(63)90068-3

Cited by 62 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Differences exist perhaps in the fact that the readiness wave is precentrally greater than frontally, and contralaterally to the moving limb larger than ipsilaterally, but the expectation wave must be examined in more detail in this regard. Similar slow, surface-negative brain potential changes were already found earlier in conditioning experiments on rabbits and cats by Shvets [15] as well as Rowland and Goldstone [14]. However, the last authors also noted partly negative and partly positive potential changes in the same time period between conditioned stimulus and conditioned response, often from the same discharge point.…”

Section: Discussion Of the Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

“…In particular though, we have identical findings from readings with adhesive electrodes and needle electrodes, which reduce the influences of the galvanic skin reflex. Further evidence against the galvanic skin reflex as the origin of the readiness potential comes from similarly slowly increasing negative potentials in epidural and epicortical derivatives in conditioning experiments [14,15,19] and in freely moving rats [4]. The two main results of this study are the surfacenegative readiness potential preceding voluntary movements and the broad similarity of later potential changes after active and passive movements.…”

Section: Discussion Of the Resultsmentioning

confidence: 50%

“…Blockage of the rare arcade rhythm of the central region shortly before the onset of voluntary movements was detected by Klass and Bickford [11] and by Chatrian and colleagues [5]. In conditioning experiments, slow cerebral potential changes between the conditional and the indicative stimuli, so before the reaction, were found by Shvets [15] in rabbits, by Rowland and Goldstone [14] in cats, and by Walter and colleagues [19] in humans. Walter [18] called this predominantly frontally occurring surface-negative brain potential the Bexpectancy wave.Â part from these few suggestions from EEG studies and conditional reflex studies, there are no systematic brain electrical derivatives that demonstrate cerebral correlations for the preparation of spontaneous action in humans.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

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Brain potential changes in voluntary and passive movements in humans: readiness potential and reafferent potentials

Kornhuber

Deecke

2016

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

158

162

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Summary A method of chronological data storage and reverse computation is described by which bio-electrical phenomena preceding 'spontaneous' events within the nervous system can be analysed if these events appear repeatedly and are capable of triggering a computer. Slow brain potentials accompanying voluntary and passive movements of the limbs were analysed by this method. These potentials were recorded from different points of the scalp from 12 healthy subjects in 94 experiments with more than 100 movements in each record. At times artifacts were superimposed upon cerebral potentials. The former were identified, and, as far as possible, eliminated.Voluntary hand or foot movements are preceded by a slowly increasing surface-negative cortical potential of 10-15 μV, called readiness potential. This potential is maximal over the contralateral precentral region, but shows bilateral spread and is larger over the frontal than over the occipital areas. The readiness potential increases with intentional engagement and is reduced by mental indifference of the subject.Voluntary movements are followed by a complex potential with an early positive phase that begins 30-90 msec after the onset of movement. The late potentials following voluntary movements are similar to those after passive movements. Both resemble the late bilateral components of the evoked potentials after electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves. Some variable differences between the early components of the potentials after the onset of active and passive movements require further investigation.No relation between the onset of voluntary movements and the phase of the alpha rhythm could be detected.

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Section: Discussion Of the Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussion Of the Resultsmentioning

confidence: 50%

mentioning

confidence: 95%

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Brain potential changes in voluntary and passive movements in humans: readiness potential and reafferent potentials

Kornhuber

Deecke

2016

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

158

162

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“…With regard to the latter, investigators concerned with EEG correlates of Pavlovian internal inhibition have reported a predominance of cortical synchrony, i.e., slower waves, spindles, or both. Such a relationship between internal inhibition and synchrony has been reported in several situations, e.g., extinction (Kogan, 1960), satiation (Rowland & Goldstone, 1963), habituation (Hernandez-Peon, 1960), classical differential discrimination (Gluck & Rowland, 1959). These findings support the belief that cortical synchrony reflects the action of neural mechanisms governing behavioral inhibition.…”

supporting

confidence: 75%

EEG correlates of reinforced behavioral inhibition

1968

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The search for neural substrates of behavior has often focused upon electroencephalographic changes recorded during task performance or inhibition of performance. With regard to the latter, investigators concerned with EEG correlates of Pavlovian internal inhibition have reported a predominance of cortical synchrony, i.e., slower waves, spindles, or both. Such a relationship between internal inhibition and synchrony has been reported in several situations, e.g., extinction (Kogan, 1960), satiation (Rowland & Goldstone, 1963), habituation (Hernandez-Peon, 1960), classical differential discrimination (Gluck & Rowland, 1959). These findings support the belief that cortical synchrony reflects the action of neural mechanisms governing behavioral inhibition.All of the above situations engender inactivity and relaxation, suggesting that cortical synchrony may be a reflection of lowered arousal level rather than of brain mechanisms underlying behavioral inhibition itself. The present study was undertaken to investigate this possibility. An instrumental vigilance paradigm was used in order to maintain a relatively high degree of arousal while seeking electrocortical correlates of behavioral inhibition. MethodThree adult cats, bearing chronically implanted, stainless steel skull electrodes, were maintained at 85% of ad lib weight and trained to inhibit licking in a vigilance situation. The apparatus consisted of a dimly illuminated 18 in. cubic chamber with a Lucite foodcup mounted on a 4 x 5 in. black panel affixed to the rear wall. Foodcup licks were detected by a Grasonstadler drinkometer, and recorded by a Davis Scientific Instruments Co. cumulative recorder. lliumination of a row of 10 6 W lamps, mounted 8 in. above the cup, Psychon. Sci., 1968, Vol. 10 (I) served as a discriminative stimulus. The training chamber was enclosed within an audiometry room (Industrial Acoustics) and a white masking noise was present throughout each session.The cats were trained to lick the foodcup for 0.3 cc of milk when the row of lamps was illuminated (8+). Inhibitory training was initiated following initial training on a schedule of continuous reinforcement. The first lick following 8+ onset was rewarded and terminated S+. Following the ensuing burst of consummatory licking, S-began. This condition consisted of the continued absence of 8+, and varied randomly within a session from 15-25 sec (mean of 20 sec). Each lick during S-reset the S-timer, thus delaying the next scheduled onset of 8+. As training progressed, 8+ duration was decreased to a maximum of 0.8 sec; licks having a longer latency were not rewarded, as they occurred during the Speriod. A daily session consisted of 50 8+ presentations.Electrocortical activity (ECoG) was recorded via a cable attached to the S's skull pedestal; it was 80 suspended as not to interfere with movements. ECoGs were recorded on a Grass IIID electroencephalograph with a band pass of I-75Hz. Recordings were made irregularly during initial phases of the experiment and routinely when stable inhibition...

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“…The maximal negative shift occurred in the early acquisition trials, and the positive shift in nonrein-forced trials appeared after only a few extinction trials. He also showed that the degree of negative shift was related to drive-induced states caused by food deprivation and feeding reinforcement (Rowland and Goldstone, 1963). Somewhat similar slow potential shifts in rats caused by electrical reinforcement following conditional signals were reported by Wurtz (1966).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Average evoked potentials: Methods, results, and evaluations.

Donchin

Lindsley²

1969

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to discuss current problems in the study of average evoked potential. As can be seen from %he list of participants, most laboratories, in &his country and abroad, thak aotively use signal-averaging techniques in processing electroencephalographic records were represented at the conference. Our objective in organizing this conference was to provide a forum for discussing the problems involved in conducting these gtudies and in communicating the results of experiments.For this purpose, the conference was organized in the following format. Six investigators were invited to prepare critical reviews of the literature-each on one of six assigned topics. The reviews mere made available to all the conference participants 4 to 6 weeks before the conference. Each review was to serve as the text for one &hour session at the conference. The reviewer was allotted 20 minutes to restate some of the main points presented in ahis paper; then discussion was opened to all participants. The discussions were moderated in each case by an assigned discussant.Chapters 2 through 7 present the review papers and the ensuing discussion. The remarks made by the reviewer were deleted since their substance is presented in the review.All the principal speakers completed their assignment on time, and the reviews were sent to the participants. However Dr. Vaughan's report, as included in this volume, is substantially differen6 from the document that he circulated to the participants. For this reason, the discussants ignore much of the material presented in his present chapter.I n addition to the working sessions of the conference, two evening sessions featured extended presentations. I n the first one, Dr. Lindsley surveyed the evoked potential technique, its history, and achievements; in the second one, Dr. Frank Morrell discussed the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the average evoked response. Dr. Lindsley's talk provided the material for Chapter 1. A supplement contains m IV FOREWORD reports that were submitted by participants to expand and elaborate upon some of the comments they made in the discussion.The conference would not have been possible without the support of the O5ce of Space Science and Applications, NASA Headquarters and Dr. Orr Reynolds. Dr. Norman Weissman of NASA Headquarters was instrumental in providing support, both in the organization of the conference and in the publication of the Proceedings. His patience and understanding are deeply appreciated. Ames Research Center, where at the time I held a National Research Council Resident Research Associateship, provided much necessary help. Dr. Jorge Huertas was especially considerate. The organization of the conference down to the last detail was in the very capable hands of Mrs. Mary-Frances Thompson of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. Special thanks are due her for the magnificent job she has done.Since we have deleted all the chairman's non-technical remarks, the Proceedings fail to underline the able chairmanship provided by Dr. D. B. Lindsley, who ran...

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Appetitively conditioned and drive-related bioelectric baseline shift in cat cortex

Cited by 62 publications

References 11 publications

Brain potential changes in voluntary and passive movements in humans: readiness potential and reafferent potentials

Brain potential changes in voluntary and passive movements in humans: readiness potential and reafferent potentials

EEG correlates of reinforced behavioral inhibition

Average evoked potentials: Methods, results, and evaluations.

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