Appetite self-regulation declines across childhood while general self-regulation improves: A narrative review of the origins and development of appetite self-regulation

Russell, Alan; Russell, Catherine Georgina

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105178

Cited by 32 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 255 publications

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“…Looking forward, identifying and understanding early predispositions toward overeating, food avoidance, or healthy eating as well as the factors that explain their development is important for understanding how and why appetite selfregulation develops. In general, children's appetite self-regulation declines from infancy across childhood, although large individual differences are evident (42). Prior research on eating phenotypes has mostly examined older children and has utilized variablecentered approaches, and so the early origins of appetitive phenotypes are largely unknown.…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant Appetitive Phenotypes: A Group-Based Multi-Trajectory Analysis

et al. 2021

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Background: Examining appetitive traits with person-centered analytical approaches can advance the understanding of appetitive phenotype trajectories across infancy, their origins, and influences upon them. The objective of the present study was to empirically describe appetitive phenotype trajectories in infancy and examine the associations with infant and parent factors.Materials and Methods: In this longitudinal cohort study of Australian infants, parents completed three online surveys ~3 months apart, beginning when the infant was <6 months. Appetitive traits were assessed with the Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire (BEBQ) and parent feeding practices with the Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire (FPSQ) infant and toddler version. Parent demographics and cognitions were also collected. Infant weight and length were transcribed from health records and converted to a BMI z-score. Group-based trajectory modeling identified appetitive phenotype trajectories using the BEBQ. Multilevel modeling examined change in feeding practices and child BMI z-score over time by appetitive phenotype trajectories.Results: At time 1, 380 participants completed the survey (mean infant age 98 days), 178 at time 2 (mean infant age 198 days), and 154 at time 3 (mean infant age 303 days). Three multi-trajectory appetitive phenotype groups were identified and labeled as (Phenotype 1) food avoidant trending toward low food approach (21.32% of infants), (Phenotype 2) persistently balanced (50.53% of infants), and (Phenotype 3) high and continuing food approach (28.16% of infants). Formula feeding was more common in Phenotype 1 (p = 0.016). Parents of infants in Phenotype 1 were more likely to rate them as being more difficult than average, compared to infants with phenotypes 2 or 3. Phenotype 2 had the greatest increase in persuasive feeding over time [0.30; 95% CI (0.12, −0.47)].Conclusions: Distinct multi-trajectory appetitive phenotype groups emerge early in infancy. These trajectories appear to have origins in both infant and parent characteristics as well as parent behaviors and cognitions. The infant multi-trajectory appetitive phenotype groups suggest that for some infants, difficulties in self-regulating appetite emerge early in life. Investigation of infant multi-trajectory appetitive phenotype groups that utilize a range of measures, examine relationships to key covariates and outcomes, and extend from infancy into childhood are needed.

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Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant Appetitive Phenotypes: A Group-Based Multi-Trajectory Analysis

et al. 2021

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“…One mechanism includes internal signaling hunger and fullness cues to encourage individuals to start and stop eating, respectively. An individual's phenotypic appetitive tendencies, or ‘appetitive traits', are intrinsically linked to ASR ( 3 ). One such trait is ‘food responsiveness', which in developmental terms may represent a bottom-up, approach-related response to food and food cues ( 3 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant Food Responsiveness in the Context of Temperament and Mothers' Use of Food to Soothe

et al. 2022

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Parents' use of food to soothe an infants' non-hunger related distress may impair an infants' development of appetite self-regulation. Parents tend to use food to soothe if their infant has more ‘difficult' temperamental tendencies. However, the role of infant appetite in this association is unclear. This study investigates the moderating effect of infant food responsiveness on cross-sectional and prospective associations between infant temperament and mothers' use of food to soothe. Mothers (n = 200) from low-income households reported their infants' temperament (i.e., surgency, negative affect and regulation) and food responsiveness at age 4 months, and their use of food to soothe at age 4 and 6 months. Temperament × food responsiveness interactions on mothers' use of food to soothe were examined using general linear models, adjusting for covariates. Cross-sectional associations showed that mothers used more food to soothe at 4 months for infants who were lower in negative affect and higher in food responsiveness (negative affect × food responsiveness interaction: p = 0.03). Prospective associations showed that mothers used more food to soothe at 6 months for infants who were lower in regulation and higher in food responsiveness (infant regulation × food responsiveness interaction: p = 0.009). Other interactions were not significant. Infant food responsiveness was consistently associated with mothers' use of food to soothe, independent of some temperamental dimensions. The findings highlight the salience of infant food responsiveness, both independent of and in association with temperament, on mothers' use of food to soothe.

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“…Control or regulation of child food intake and obesity vary with age [61]. A distinction has been drawn between appetite regulation, which encompasses the many biological variables that influence a child's appetite, and appetite self regulation, which encompasses the more psychosocial variables that influence child appetite [61]. Appetite self regulation has been divided into top-down (e.g., delay of gratification) and bottom-up (e.g., disinhibited eating) influences.…”

Section: Developmental Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precision Food Parenting: A Proposed Conceptual Model and Research Agenda

et al. 2021

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Precision medicine, nutrition and behavioral interventions are attempting to move beyond the specification of therapies applied to groups, since some people benefit, some do not and some are harmed by the same therapy. Instead, precision therapies are attempting to employ diverse sets of data to individualize or tailor interventions to optimize the benefits for the receiving individuals. The benefits to be achieved are mostly in the distant future, but the research needs to start now. While precision pediatric nutrition will combine diverse demographic, behavioral and biological variables to specify the optimal foods a child should eat to optimize health, precision food parenting will combine diverse parent and child psychosocial and related variables to identify the optimal parenting practices to help a specific child accept and consume the precision nutrition specified foods. This paper presents a conceptual overview and hypothetical model of factors we believe are needed to operationalize precision food parenting and a proposed research agenda to better understand the many specified relationships, how they change over the age of the child, and how to operationalize them to encourage food parenting practices most likely to be effective at promoting healthy child food choices.

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Appetite self-regulation declines across childhood while general self-regulation improves: A narrative review of the origins and development of appetite self-regulation

Cited by 32 publications

References 255 publications

Infant Appetitive Phenotypes: A Group-Based Multi-Trajectory Analysis

Infant Appetitive Phenotypes: A Group-Based Multi-Trajectory Analysis

Infant Food Responsiveness in the Context of Temperament and Mothers' Use of Food to Soothe

Precision Food Parenting: A Proposed Conceptual Model and Research Agenda

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