Appetite‐regulating hormones and anthropometric indicators of infants according to the type of feeding

Abstract

It has been accepted that satiety‐ and appetite‐stimulating hormones play a role in the regulation of food intake and body composition during and after the lactation stage. Therefore, the purpose was to demonstrate that serum appetite‐regulating hormones in infants differ according to anthropometric indicators and type of feeding. In a nonrandom cohort study, 169 mother–newborn dyads whose pregnancy and birth were attended at the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara were enrolled. According to the type of feeding, infants were classified as full breastfeeding (FBF), partial breastfeeding (PBF), and infants receiving human milk substitutes (HMS). Serum concentrations of ghrelin (pg/ml), leptin (ng/ml), peptide YY (pg/ml), and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) (pM) were measured. Anthropometric measurements including weight, length, cephalic, arm circumference, tricipital, and subscapular skinfolds were obtained. Weight/age, weight/height, height/age, and BMI Z‐score indexes were estimated. We performed one‐way ANOVA, unpaired Student's t test, post hoc Tukey test, and Pearson correlation tests. The ANOVA comparison of the three feeding types showed significant differences in most anthropometric indicators (z‐scores), especially between infants receiving FBF versus HMS and particularly on indicators of adiposity; no differences were observed in length and cephalic circumference z‐scores at 8th and 16th weeks. Further, significant correlations were found between most of the adiposity indicators with ghrelin, leptin, and GLP‐1, especially in infants who received FBF. There were differences in anthropometric and body composition parameters among infants receiving FBF, PBF, and HMS. There were significant correlations between body composition indicators with ghrelin, leptin, and GLP‐1 mainly in infants receiving FBF.

Appetite-regulating hormone trajectories and relationships with fat mass development in term-born infants during the first 6 months of life

“…Ghrelin levels increased significantly during the first 6 months of life, which is in line with a study from birth until 3 months [ 31 ], while PYY and leptin levels decreased. Our results complement current knowledge as other studies used cord blood to investigate leptin at birth [ 16 , 17 ], a single measurement of ghrelin, PYY and leptin at 4 months [ 24 ] or a single measurement of ghrelin and leptin between 11 days and 22 months [ 23 ]. One study investigated leptin in multiple measurements until age 6 months, but only in a small group [ 32 ].…”

“…Studies with one leptin measurement either at birth [ 36 ], at age 4 months [ 24 ] or leptin measurements during the first 6 months in a small group of infants [ 37 ] have shown associations with the body composition. Two studies investigated leptin levels at birth or at age 6 months until childhood and associations with FM% and/or BMI in childhood [ 38 , 39 ], but other ARH levels and measured FM% during the first 6 months were not investigated.…”

“…Few studies have compared ARH levels between breast-fed (BF) and formula-fed (FF) infants in early life. Two studies investigated ghrelin and leptin levels during the first four months [ 23 , 24 ]. Our group reported differences in ghrelin, PYY and leptin levels between BF and FF infants at age 3 months [ 25 ].…”

Validity and Reliability of the Baby and Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Toddler Version (BEBQ-Mex and CEBQ-T-Mex) in a Low Sociodemographic Sample Recruited in a Mexican Hospital

“…In general, there is a greater reliability of the BEBQ, when the child is exclusively breastfed. Appetite-regulating hormones in infants vary depending on the type of feeding they receive [ 32 ], and when they are exclusively breastfed, they regulate intake during the feed [ 33 ]. For the CEBQ-T-Mex, Emotional Overeating had a lower reliability in toddlers who have been fed human milk substitutes compared to exclusive breastfeeding and partial breastfeeding during the first six months of life (α = 0.55, α = 0.78, and α = 0.72, respectively).…”

Akkermansia muciniphila – obiecujący kandydat na probiotyk nowej generacji

“…PYY jest natomiast peptydem wydzielanym przez neuroendokrynne komórki jelita krętego i okrężnicy w odpowiedzi na przyjęcie pokarmu. Spowalnia skurcze mięśni gładkich przewodu pokarmowego, zwiększając efektywność trawienia i wchłaniania składników odżywczych, a także absorpcję wody i elektrolitów w okrężnicy [46]. Aktywacja GPR41 również jest związana ze zwiększonym zużyciem energii przez organizm oraz ekspresją leptyny, a także zmniejszeniem podaży pokarmowej (łaknienia) [43].…”