Appearance‐based trust processing in schizophrenia

Sutherland, Clare A. M.; Rhodes, Gillian; Williams, Nikolas; Connaughton, Emily; Ewing, Louise; Caruana, Nathan; Langdon, Robyn

doi:10.1111/bjc.12234

Cited by 15 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Despite the potential impact across populations, we strongly caution against the idea that impressions are functional in individual real-world scenarios. First, people base their trusting decisions on appearance even when there is better information available, such as actual trustworthy behavior (Sutherland et al, 2020) or even population base rates (i.e., most people are actually trustworthy; Olivola & Todorov, 2010). Appearance-based judgment is an irrational substitute for evidence-based judgment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy in Facial Trustworthiness Impressions: Kernel of Truth or Modern Physiognomy? A Meta-Analysis

Foo

Sutherland

Burton

et al. 2021

Pers Soc Psychol Bull

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Being able to identify trustworthy strangers is a critical social skill. However, whether such impressions are accurate is debatable. Critically, the field currently lacks a quantitative summary of the evidence. To address this gap, we conducted two meta-analyses. We tested whether there is a correlation between perceived and actual trustworthiness across faces, and whether perceivers show above-chance accuracy at assessing trustworthiness. Both meta-analyses revealed significant, modest accuracy (face level, r = .14; perceiver level, r = .27). Perceiver-level effects depended on domain, with aggressiveness and sexual unfaithfulness having stronger effects than agreeableness, criminality, financial reciprocity, and honesty. We also applied research weaving to map the literature, revealing potential biases, including a preponderance of Western studies, a lack of “cross-talk” between research groups, and clarity issues. Overall, this modest accuracy is unlikely to be of practical utility. Moreover, we strongly urge the field to improve reporting standards and generalizability of the results.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy in Facial Trustworthiness Impressions: Kernel of Truth or Modern Physiognomy? A Meta-Analysis

Foo

Sutherland

Burton

et al. 2021

Pers Soc Psychol Bull

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“…Understanding the mental operations that underlie social judgments and their impact on GCA is fundamental to learning more about human social cognition, including how we establish and maintain social relationships, cooperation, and social bonds. There is extensive literature showing that various levels of both gaze-triggered attentional shifts and interpersonal trust can be observed in healthy and clinical populations (e.g., Hooker et al, 2011 ; Marotta et al, 2017 ; Sutherland et al, 2020 ), suggesting that beyond their obvious social nature, these mechanisms are also regulated by biological factors ( Shepherd, 2010 ). An improved understanding of these mechanisms can therefore not only help better understand healthy human interaction but also shed light on the development of clinical symptoms such as social anxiety, social avoidance, hyper sociability, suspiciousness, and paranoia, which can be found in psychiatric and neurological conditions (e.g., Kapur, 2003 ; Dawson et al, 2004 ; Shore et al, 2017 ; Gregory et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Final Remarks and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Trust on Gaze-Mediated Attentional Orienting

2020

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The last two decades have witnessed growing interest in the study of social cognition and its multiple facets, including trust. Interpersonal trust is generally understood as the belief that others are not likely to harm you. When meeting strangers, judgments of trustworthiness are mostly based on fast evaluation of facial appearance, unless information about past behavior is available. In the past decade, studies have tried to understand the complex relationship between trust and gaze-cueing of attention (GCA) (i.e., attentional orienting following another person’s gaze). This review will focus on the studies that used a gaze-cueing paradigm to explore this relationship. While the predictivity of the gaze-cue seems to consistently influence trustworthiness judgments, the impact of trust on gaze-cueing is less clear. Four studies found enhanced gaze-cueing effects with trustworthy faces; one found stronger effects of gaze-cueing with faces associated with undesirable behavior, but only when the observer’s personal evaluations were taken into account. Four studies did not observe an effect of trust on gaze-cueing. Overall, studies have highlighted the complexity of this relationship, suggesting that multiple factors (including age, gender, the characteristics of the observer, and whether or not a threat is perceived) are likely to intervene in the interplay between trust and gaze-triggered attentional orienting. After discussing results in the context of existing theories of gaze-cueing and trust, we conclude that further investigation is needed to better understand this relationship and the contribution of social factors to attentional shifts guided by gaze.

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“…It is reassuring, therefore, that adults can adjust their first impressions based on facial appearance when more accurate information about a person’s actual trustworthiness becomes available, at least in the lab (Chang et al, 2010; Hooper et al, 2019; Sutherland, Rhodes, et al, 2020). However, these first impressions are difficult to erase completely (Jaeger et al, 2019; Rudoy & Paller, 2009; Rule et al, 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Children’s dynamic use of face- and behavior-based cues in an economic trust game.

Siddique¹,

Jeffery²,

Palermo³

et al. 2022

Developmental Psychology

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Who do children trust? We investigated the extent to which children use face-based versus behavior-based cues when deciding whom to trust in a multiturn economic trust game. Children’s (N = 42; aged 8 to 10 years; 31 females; predominantly White) trust decisions were informed by an interaction between face-based and behavior-based cues to trustworthiness, similarly to those of adults (N = 41; aged 17 to 48 years; 23 females; predominantly White). Facial trustworthiness guided children’s investment decisions initially, such that they invested highly with trustworthy-looking partners and less with untrustworthy-looking partners. However, by the end of the trust game, after children had experienced game partners’ fair or unfair return behavior, they overcame this bias and instead used partners’ previous behavior to guide their trust decisions. Using partners’ return behavior to guide decisions was the most rational strategy, because partners’ facial trustworthiness was not an accurate cue to their actual trustworthiness. This dynamic use of different cues to trustworthiness suggests sophisticated levels of social cognition in children, which may reflect the social importance of trust impressions.

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Appearance‐based trust processing in schizophrenia

Abstract: The following supporting information may be found in the online edition of the article:Appendix S1. Additional measures and supporting analyses.Appearance-based trust processing in schizophrenia 153

Cited by 15 publications

References 45 publications

Accuracy in Facial Trustworthiness Impressions: Kernel of Truth or Modern Physiognomy? A Meta-Analysis

Accuracy in Facial Trustworthiness Impressions: Kernel of Truth or Modern Physiognomy? A Meta-Analysis

The Effect of Trust on Gaze-Mediated Attentional Orienting

Children’s dynamic use of face- and behavior-based cues in an economic trust game.

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