Apparent solubility of lycopene and β-carotene in supercritical CO2, CO2+ethanol and CO2+canola oil using dynamic extraction of tomatoes

A Review on Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) of Lycopene From Tomato and Tomato Products

“…Optimum pressure parameter in lycopene recovery through SFE method are generally reported between 300 and 400 bar; however, especially 400 bar was set out as the optimum process parameter with different extraction temperatures ranging between 40°C and 100°C (Ciurlia et al 2009, Topal et al 2006, Huang et al 2008, Yi et al 2009, Saldana et al 2010. Optimum extraction time ranges between 0.5 and 8.0 hours while it was found that this parameter is related to type of equipment and flow rate of CO2.…”

“…Lycopene and other carotenoids are found mostly in the outer pericarp with tomato skin containing 12 mg lycopene/100 g skin (wet basis) while whole mature tomato contains only 3.4 mg lycopene/ 100 g (wet basis) (Saldana et al 2010). The industrial processing of tomato products produces lots of wastes, even though it is a potential source for carotenoid as lycopene, carotene).…”

“…Recent epidemiological studies revealed that the intake of tomatoes and blood lycopene level are inversely associated with the risk of some diseases (Davis et al 2003), especially developing cancers of several anatomical sites including the prostate gland, stomach, and lung (Periago et al 2007, Choudhari andAnathanarayan, 2007). Also, there is growing evidence that lycopene reduces the risk of prostate cancer and the US Food and Drug Administration has allowed a qualified health claim for lycopene (Saldana et al 2010, Cortes et al 2009). …”

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Carotenoids

“…Shi et al (2009a) also collected the samples obtained by supercritical CO 2 extraction in 25 mL brown vials to prevent UV-activated degradation of the samples. Storage of the raw materials prepared prior to supercritical CO 2 extraction, as well as of subsequent extracted compounds, at sub-zero temperatures is another common measure taken to prevent isomerization and degradation of lycopene, with À20 C being the most common temperature utilized for this purpose (Rozzi et al 2002;Machmudah et al 2012;Gomez-Prieto et al 2003;Nobre et al 2009;Yi et al 2009;De la Fuente et al 2006;Del Castillo et al 2003;Sabio et al 2003;Saldana et al 2010;Vaughn et al 2008).…”

“…The extraction temperature for thermolabile compounds has to be fixed between (35 and 60) C, which is in the vicinity of the critical point of CO 2 and still as low as possible to avoid degradation of the compound (Reverchon and De Marco 2006). To minimize isomerization of lycopene, Saldana et al (2010) utilized temperatures of (40 and 70) C in their study, while Cadoni et al (2000) performed initial extractions of lycopene with supercritical CO 2 at 40 C to avoid degradation of the compound. Taking this into account it can be concluded that SFE under mild working conditions can avoid trans-to cis-isomerization.…”