Apparent Digestion in Various Segments of the Digestive Tract of Ponies Fed Diets with Varying Roughage-Grain Ratios

Hintz, H. F.; Hogue, D. E.; Walker, E. F.; Lowe, J. E.; Schryver, H. F.

doi:10.2527/jas1971.322245x

Cited by 103 publications

(71 citation statements)

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“…17,20,23 Proteins of all molecular weights are lost, but because globulins tend to be produced faster than albumin, 30 the most striking feature of IBD in horses is hypoalbuminemia, rather than hypoglobulinemia. Because at least 70% of dietary protein is absorbed in the small intestine, 31 impaired absorptive function of the small intestine also may be partially responsible for the low concentration of serumal proteins in horses with GE. 17,20,23 Factors other than enteric protein loss may play an important role in determining serumal albumin concentration in humans affected with gastrointestinal disease.…”

Section: Clinical and Clinicopathologic Features Of Horses With Gementioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases of the Horse

Schumacher

Edwards

Cohen

2000

Veterinary Internal Medicne

180

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A review of reported cases of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) of horses for which no etiology was identified included cases of granulomatous enteritis (GE), multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease (MEED), lymphocytic-plasmacytic enterocolitis (LPE), and idiopathic eosinophilic enterocolitis (EC). The terms EC and MEED were both used to describe a disease in horses characterized by infiltration of intestine and extraintestinal tissues with eosinophils. We use EC to describe IBD characterized by only intestinal infiltration by eosinophils. Horses with GE, MEED, or LPE are usually examined because of weight loss and depression, but horses with EC are usually examined because of signs of abdominal pain. Typically, horses with IBD have low concentrations of serumal proteins, especially albumin, and fail to adequately absorb glucose or xylose. Antemortem diagnosis of IBD can only be made by histologic examination of affected intestine. In some cases, antemortem diagnosis is made from histologic examination of rectal mucosa obtained by biopsy. Suspected causes of IBD in the horse include abnormal immune response to bacterial, viral, parasitic, or dietary antigens. Most horses with IBD do not survive, but horses with EC are more likely than those with LPE, MEED, or GE to respond to treatment. Successful treatments of horses with IBD include resection of grossly affected intestine and administration of corticosteroids.Key words: Eosinophilic enterocolitis; Granulomatous enteritis; Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enterocolitis; Multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease.C hronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are associated with dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract due to infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa with populations of eosinophils, plasma cells, lymphocytes, basophils, or macrophages. 1,2 Clinical signs of IBD in the horse include weight loss, dependent edema, and lethargy and are usually associated with protein-losing enteropathy and malabsorption of nutrients, including glucose. Affected horses may have diarrhea or signs of abdominal pain. Signalment, clinical signs, clinicopathologic findings, and postmortem lesions may be highly characteristic of some types of IBD in the horse, but, in general, clinical and gross pathologic features of these diseases are similar, and a final morphologic diagnosis is based on histologic examination. When an etiologic diagnosis of IBD has been reported, mycobacterial 3-12 or parasitic infections, 13,14 or toxins 15 have been identified. The purpose of this report is to describe distinguishing features and discuss possible etiologies of the idiopathic IBDs and to discuss treatment of affected horses. Granulomatous Enteritis (GE)This idiopathic condition was 1st reported in 1974 by Cimprich, 7 who noted the histologic similarity between this disease and Crohn's disease in humans. In our review of the reports of idiopathic GE, we found detailed descriptions of 47 affected horses. 6,7,9,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Of these, 32 were Standardbr...

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Section: Clinical and Clinicopathologic Features Of Horses With Gementioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases of the Horse

Schumacher

Edwards

Cohen

2000

Veterinary Internal Medicne

180

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“…When urea is recycled to the large intestine, it is degraded to ammonium ions by urease-catalyzed hydrolysis (Wootton and Argenzio, 1975). Hintz et al (1971) measured urease activity in cecal fluid of 17% to 25% of that reported in bovine rumen fluid. Prior et al (1974) refer that about 60% of the produced urea is recycled in the intestine of ponies that are fed a low protein diet, and that 50% of this nitrogen is recovered.…”

Section: Nitrogen Metabolism In the Hindgutmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The efficiency with which metabolic energy is used for maintenance (k m ) resulting from absorbed glucose metabolism is 85%, whereas the one resulting from VFA metabolism, which derived from fiber degradation in the hindgut, ranges between 63% and 68% (Vermorel and Martin-Rosset, 1997). In addition, knowledge concerning the site of digestion is particularly important when measuring protein availability, as it is mainly the protein digested in the small intestine that is utilized by the horse to meet its own requirements (Hintz et al, 1971;Hintz and Cymbaluk, 1994;Martin-Rosset et al, 1994;Moore-Colyer et al, 2002;Potter, 2004), whereas protein that reaches the hindgut will play a role to meet the requirements of the microbial population of this ecosystem (Martin-Rosset and Tisserand, 2004). …”

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confidence: 99%

Understanding the equine cecum-colon ecosystem: current knowledge and future perspectives

Santos¹,

Rodrigues²,

Bessa³

et al. 2011

Animal

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Having evolved as a grazing animal, a horse's digestive physiology is characterized by rapid gastric transit, a rapid but intense enzymatic digestion along the small intestine, and a long and intense microbial fermentation in the large intestine. The process of understanding and describing feed degradation mechanisms in the equine digestive system in general, and in the hindgut ecosystem in particular, is essential. Regardless of its importance for the nutritional status of the host, the significance of the cecum-colon ecosystem has not yet been fully understood, and few reports have focused deeply on the contribution of the hindgut microbial population to the nitrogen and energy requirements of the horse. Compared to ruminal activity, very little is known about hindgut ecosystem activity in the horse. Information concerning the metabolism of this microbial population and its requirements is lacking. The use of internal bacterial markers for quantifying microbial outflow in ruminants is widely reported. These techniques can be applied to cecum-colon microbial quantification, contributing to a better characterization of this ecosystem. It is likely wrong to believe that the optimization strategy in the hindgut is similar to what happens in the rumen -that is, to maximize microbial growth and, therefore, fermentation. If we consider the type of substrate that, in normal conditions, arrives in the hindgut, we can expect it to be nitrogen limiting, providing limited nitrogen-based substrates for microbial fermentation. In this review paper, we intend to gather existing information on the equine ecosystem and to provide future perspectives of research.Keywords: horse, cecum, colon, digestive strategy ImplicationsThe process of understanding and describing degradation mechanisms in the equine digestive ecosystem in general, and in the hindgut in particular, is essential to provide information for proper feeding practices to be implemented. Regardless of its importance for the nutritional status of the host, the significance of hindgut fermentation has not yet been fully understood, and few reports have focused deeply on the contribution of the hindgut microbial population to the nitrogen and energy requirements of the horse. In this review paper, we intend to gather existing information on the equine ecosystem and to provide future perspectives of research. IntroductionHorses are free-ranging herbivores of grassland environments adapted to eat large quantities of high fiber feeds (Janis, 1976;Bennett, 1980). Nowadays, with the increase of their use in sports and leisure, many horses are housed during long periods of time and fed daily on two or three meals of forages plus concentrate. The forage component of the diet is sometimes characterized by having low-tomedium energy concentration and variable levels of fiber and protein (Micol and Martin-Rosset, 1995). This pattern of feed supply is not as expected by the horse's phylogenetic adaptation to grassland environments (Janis, 1976). These management procedures have i...

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“…L'utilisation des fourrages est fonction de l'activité microbienne caractérisant la digestion dans le gros intestin des équidés (Alexander, 1972 ; Argenzio, Southworth et Stevens, 1974 ;Hintz et al, 1971 ;Robinson et Slade, 1974 ;Tisserand, 1979). Celle-ci est particulièrement importante dans le caecum et elle se poursuit avec une efficacité moindre dans la fraction ventrale du côlon (Kern et al, 1973 ;Kolb et Gurtler, 1971 ;Tisserand et al, 1977c (Wolter, 1975 …”

Section: Introductionunclassified